On the Interpretation of Prīti in Dhyāna

doi:10.21482/jbs.72..20229.27

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투고논문

On the Interpretation of Prīti in Dhyāna 정려의 구성요소를 둘러싼 여러 학파의 해석 (2) －‘만족(prīti/pīti)’ 개념을 중심으로: 김성철
KIM, Seong-cheol; 금강대학교 불교문화연구소 교수

Professor, Center for Buddhist Studies, Geumgang University

30 September 2022. pp. 27∼59

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Abstract

In this paper, I expound on the meaning of prīti in the dhyāna formula.
In general, the “prīti-sukha” compound is interpreted as a dvandva. However, I examine the possibility that this compound word was originally a karmadhāraya in the formula of the dhyāna through two examples. In the latter case, this compound is interpreted as the meaning of “happiness in terms of satisfaction.” Then, it may be a category of happiness that means satisfaction.
There is no doubt that prīti is derived from Prī. However, in addition to this, pr̄ is also assumed. This may be due to the practical demand to express the sukha that fills the body, as shown in the formula of pañcāṅgika-samādhi. Furthermore, this meaning defines not only prīti, but also sukha, as filling the body.
However, the meaning of prīti is also related to acquiring a desired object. For this reason, it does not fit with the phrase “vivekaja.” According to Buddhagoṣa, this phrase is to be interpreted as a phrase that modifies dhyāna itself. In that case, the first dhyāna is generated from viveka, and prīti occurs from the series starting with non-regret. The prīti arising in this way is transitioned to or replaced by upekṣā.
The controversy over prīti in the Abhidharmakośbhāṣya arose when the original practical meaning of prīti was theorized. The point is that two psychological phenomena with the same essence appear at the same time. To solve this problem, the Theravada tradition classified the prīti of the first two dhyānas as the saṃṣkāraskandha, and Sarvastivāda classified sukha of the first two dhyānas as the saṃṣkāraskandha. As a result, “prīti-sukha,” which was originally an emotional flow with homogeneity, was fixed as a separate entity.

Keywords

dhyāna

prīti/pīti

sukha

Buddhagoṣa

Abhidharmakośabhāṣya

Yogācārabhūmi

본 논문은 정려 정형구에 나타나는 ‘만족-행복’ 복합어 중 만족 개념을 중심으로 복합어의 해석 문제, 어근의 대체를 통한 의미의 확장 문제, ‘분리로부터 발생한’이라는 구절의 수식 대상 문제, 만족의 발생 원인과 이행/대체 문제, 마지막으로 만족과 관련하여 『구사론』에 나타난 유부와 타 학파의 논쟁을 살펴 보고자 하는 것이다.
일반적으로 ‘만족-행복’ 복합어는 병렬복합어로 해석된다. 그러나 정려 정형구에서 이 복합어는 원래 동격한정복합어였을 가능성을 두 가지 실례를 통해 살펴보았다. 후자로 해석할 경우 이 복합어는 ‘만족이라는 행복’의 의미로 해석된다. 그것은 행복이라는 상위 범주의 하나로서 실제로는 만족을 의미하는 것이다.
만족이라는 단어가 기뻐하다는 의미의 Prī에서 파생한 단어임은 의심할 여지가 없다. 하지만 후대의 해석과정에서 만족에 기뻐하다/만족하다는 의미 외에 가득 채우다는 의미를 가진 Pṝ도 상정되게 된다. 이것은, 오지정 정형구에서도 나타나듯이, 신체를 가득 채우는 만족감을 표현하고자 하는 실천적인 요구 때문인 것으로 추측된다. 나아가 이 의미는 만족뿐 아니라 행복의 양상까지 신체를 가득 채우는 것으로 규정하게 한다.
한편, 만족의 의미는 ‘원하는 대상’을 획득하는 것과 관련되어 있다. 이 때문에 ‘분리로부터 발생한’이라는 구절과 어울리지 않는다. 붓다고샤에 따르면, 이 구절은 정려 자체를 수식하는 구절로 해석할 가능성이 있다. 그 경우 초정려가 분리로부터 발생하는 것이며, 만족은 계를 지킴으로써 후회가 없어진 마음으로부터 발생하는 것이다. 이와 같이 발생한 만족은 평정으로 이행하거나 대체된다.
『구사론』에 나타나는 만족을 둘러싼 논쟁은 만족-행복 복합어의 원래 의미가 아비달마적으로 이론화 되면서 발생한 것이다. 문제의 핵심은 같은 수온을 본질로 하는 두 심리현상이 동시에 나타난다는 것이다. 이를 해결하기 위해 상좌부는 첫 두 정려의 만족을 행온으로, 유부는 첫 두 정려의 행복을 행온으로 분류하였다. 이로써 원래는 초정려부터 제3정려까지 동질성을 가진 하나의 정서적 흐름이었던 ‘만족-행복’은 별개의 실체로 고착화 하였다.

키워드

정려

만족

행복

붓다고샤

구사론

유가사지론

References

◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 ABBREVIATIONS AND PRIMARY SOURCES

Apte The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, APTE, V.S. Kyoto: 1986 (Japanese Reprint of the revised & enlarge edition, Poona, 1957).
AKBh Abhidharmakośabhāṣya, ed., by PRADHAN, P. Tibetan Sanskrit Work Series 8, Patna, 1967 (repr. 1975).
AKVy Sphuṭārthā Abhidharmakośavyākhyā by Yaśomitra. ed., by WOGIHARA, U. Tokyo, 1932-1936 (repr. Tokyo, The Sankibo Press, 1971).
AN Aṅguttaranikāya, ed. by MORRIS, M. and E. HARDY. 5vols., London: Pali Text Society, 1955-1961 (reprints).
AVinS Arthaviniścayasūtra, ed., in SAMTANI 2005[1971].
DN Dīghānikāya, ed. RHYS DAVIDS, T. W. and J. E. CARPENTER, 3vols., London: Pali Text Society, 1942, 1982, 1932 respectively (reprints).
Dhs Dhammasaṅganī, ed. by MÜLLER, E., London: Pali Text Society, 1885.
DhP DHĀTU-PAṬHA, The Roots of Language, The foondations of the Indo-European verbal system, HILL, Stephen R. Hill & Peter G. HARRISON, Munshiram Manobarlal Publisehres Pvt. Ltd. 1997[1991].
MN Majjhimanikāya, ed. by TRENCKNER, V. and R. CHELMERS, 3vols., London: Pali Text Society, 1979, 1925 & 1951 respectively (reprints).
MW A Sanskrit English Dictionary, MONIER-WILLIAMS, M., 1976 (repr.).
SamBh Samāhitā Bhūmiḥ of the YBh, ed. in DELHEY 2009 I: 125-228.
SN Saṁyuttanikāya ed. FEER, M. L., 5vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1991, 1989, 1975, 1990 & 1976 (respectively reprints).
ŚrBh[Sh] Śrāvakabhūmi of Ācārya Asaṅga, ed., by SHUKLA, K., Karunesha Shukla. Patna: J. P. Jayaswal Research Institute, 1973.
ŚrBh[T] 『瑜伽論聲聞地第二瑜伽處』, 聲聞地硏究會, 東京: 山喜房佛書林, 2007.
T 大正新修大藏經 [Revised Buddhist Canon compiled during the Taishō reign period]. Eds. TAKAKUSU, Junjirō (高楠順次郞) and Kaikyoku WATANABE (渡邊海旭) et. al., 100 vols. Tokyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924-1935.
Vibh Vibhaṅga, ed. by RHYS DAVIDS, C.A.F. London: Pali Text Society,1904.
Vism The Visuddhimagga of Budhaghosa, ed by RHYS DAVIDS, C.A.F. London: Pali Text Society, 1975 (reprint)
『구사론』 T1558
『구사론기』 T1821
『구사론소』 T1822
『법온족론』 T1537
『성실론』 T1646
『장아함십보법경』 T13
『유가사지론』 T1579

◆ 이차 문헌 SECONDARY LITERATURE

AHN, Soeng-du (안성두). 2021. 『성문지』 [Annotated Translation of the Śrāvakabhūmi], Seoul: 세창출판사 (Sechang Press).
BUCKNELL, Roderick S. 1993. Reinterpreting the Jhānas. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 375-409.
COUSINS, Lance S. 1973. “Buddhist jhāna: its nature and attainment according to the Pali sources,” Religion, vol. 3, no. 2, 115-131. 10.1016/0048-721X(73)90003-1
DELHEY, Martin. 2009. Samāhitā Bhūmiḥ: Das Kapitel über die meditative Versenkung im Grundteil der Yogācārabhūmi Teil 1, 2. Univ. Wien: Arbeitskreis für tibetische und buddhistische Studien.
DELANU, Florin. 2006. The Chapter on the Mundane Path (Laukikamārga) in the Śrāvakabhūmi: Introductory study, Sanskrit diplomatic edition, Sanskrit critical edition. International Institute for Buddhist Studies of the International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies.
GETHIN, Rupert. 2001[1992]. The Buddhist path to awakening: A study of the Bodhi-Pakkhiya Dhamma. Oneworld Publications.
HONJO, Yoshifumi. 1984. 『俱舍論所依阿含全表 I』 [A Tabel of Āgama-citations in the Abhidharmakośa and Abhidharmakośopāyikā], Kyoto: Personal Publication.
KIM, Seong-choel (김성철). 2009. 「정려의 구성요소를 둘러싼 여러 학파의 해석」 (1) [“On the Interpretation of the Factors of Dhyāna”] 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 55, 47-82.
______. 2009a. 「초기 유가행파 문헌에 인용된 ‘ 5지정 정형구’와 신념처」 [“On the Pañcāṅgika-samādhi Fomular and Kāyasmṛtyupasthāna in the Early Yogācāra Literature”] 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 55, 47-82.
KUAN, Tse-fu. 2005. “CLARIFICATION ON FEELINGS IN BUDDHIST DHYĀNA/JHĀNA MEDITATION,” Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 33, no. 3, 285-319. 10.1007/s10781-004-7378-6
______. 2008. Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New approaches through psychology and textual analysis of Pāli, Chinese and Sanskrit sources, Abingdon, New York: Routledge.
LIM, Seung-taek (임승택). 2003. 「첫 번째 선정(初禪)의 의의와 위상에 대한 고찰」 [“A Study on the Meaning of the First Jhāna”] 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 59, 55-84.
MAYRHOFER, Manfred. 1956-1976. Kurzgefaßtes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary, Band I-III. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.
Ñāṇamoli, 2010[1956]. Visuddhimagga: The path of purification.
Pande, Govind Chandra. 1974. Studies in the Origins of Buddhism. Motilal Banarsidass.
Pāsādika. 1989. Kanonische Zitate im Abhidharmakosabhāṣya des Vasubandhu. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. (SWTF, Beiheft 1.)
SAKURABE, Hajime, ODANI, Nobuchiyo, HONJO, Yoshifumi, 『俱舍論の原典解明: 智品․定品』 [*Exposition of Abhidharmakośabhāṣya: Jñānanirdeśa and samāpattinirdeśa], Tokyo: Daijo Press.
SAMTANI, N.H. 2005[1971]. The Arthaviniścayasūtra and its Commentary (Nibandhana), Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute.
SCHMITHAUSEN, Lambert. 1981. “On Some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of ‘Liberating Insight’ and ‘Enlightenment’,” Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus, Gedenkschritf für L. Asldorf, Wiesbaden, 199-250.
SPIRO, Melford E. 1982[1970]. Buddhism and Society, Berkeley: University of California Press.
STUART-FOX, Martin. 1989. “Jhāna and Buddhist scholasticism,” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 12, no. 2, 79-110.
TUBB, G. A. and BOOSE, E. R. 2007. Scholastic Sanskrit. American Institute of Buddhist Studies.
VETTER, Tilmann. 1988. The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, Brill Archive.
VETTER, Tilmann (틸만 페터). KIM, Soeng-cheol (김성철 역) 2020[2009]. 『초기불교의 이념과 명상』 [The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism] 서울: 씨아알(CIR).

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 72
No :0
Pages :27∼59
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.72..20229.27

[1] Apte The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, APTE, V.S. Kyoto: 1986 (Japanese Reprint of the revised & enlarge edition, Poona, 1957).

[2] AKBh Abhidharmakośabhāṣya, ed., by PRADHAN, P. Tibetan Sanskrit Work Series 8, Patna, 1967 (repr. 1975).

[3] AKVy Sphuṭārthā Abhidharmakośavyākhyā by Yaśomitra. ed., by WOGIHARA, U. Tokyo, 1932-1936 (repr. Tokyo, The Sankibo Press, 1971).

[4] AN Aṅguttaranikāya, ed. by MORRIS, M. and E. HARDY. 5vols., London: Pali Text Society, 1955-1961 (reprints).

[5] AVinS Arthaviniścayasūtra, ed., in SAMTANI 2005[1971].

[6] DN Dīghānikāya, ed. RHYS DAVIDS, T. W. and J. E. CARPENTER, 3vols., London: Pali Text Society, 1942, 1982, 1932 respectively (reprints).

[7] Dhs Dhammasaṅganī, ed. by MÜLLER, E., London: Pali Text Society, 1885.

[8] DhP DHĀTU-PAṬHA, The Roots of Language, The foondations of the Indo-European verbal system, HILL, Stephen R. Hill & Peter G. HARRISON, Munshiram Manobarlal Publisehres Pvt. Ltd. 1997[1991].

[9] MN Majjhimanikāya, ed. by TRENCKNER, V. and R. CHELMERS, 3vols., London: Pali Text Society, 1979, 1925 & 1951 respectively (reprints).

[10] MW A Sanskrit English Dictionary, MONIER-WILLIAMS, M., 1976 (repr.).

[11] SamBh Samāhitā Bhūmiḥ of the YBh, ed. in DELHEY 2009 I: 125-228.

[12] SN Saṁyuttanikāya ed. FEER, M. L., 5vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1991, 1989, 1975, 1990 & 1976 (respectively reprints).

[13] ŚrBh[Sh] Śrāvakabhūmi of Ācārya Asaṅga, ed., by SHUKLA, K., Karunesha Shukla. Patna: J. P. Jayaswal Research Institute, 1973.

[14] ŚrBh[T] 『瑜伽論聲聞地第二瑜伽處』, 聲聞地硏究會, 東京: 山喜房佛書林, 2007.

[15] T 大正新修大藏經 [Revised Buddhist Canon compiled during the Taishō reign period]. Eds. TAKAKUSU, Junjirō (高楠順次郞) and Kaikyoku WATANABE (渡邊海旭) et. al., 100 vols. Tokyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924-1935.

[16] Vibh Vibhaṅga, ed. by RHYS DAVIDS, C.A.F. London: Pali Text Society,1904.

[17] Vism The Visuddhimagga of Budhaghosa, ed by RHYS DAVIDS, C.A.F. London: Pali Text Society, 1975 (reprint)

[18] 『구사론』 T1558

[19] 『구사론기』 T1821

[20] 『구사론소』 T1822

[21] 『법온족론』 T1537

[22] 『성실론』 T1646

[23] 『장아함십보법경』 T13

[24] 『유가사지론』 T1579

[25] AHN, Soeng-du (안성두). 2021. 『성문지』 [Annotated Translation of the Śrāvakabhūmi], Seoul: 세창출판사 (Sechang Press).

[26] BUCKNELL, Roderick S. 1993. Reinterpreting the Jhānas. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 375-409.

[27] COUSINS, Lance S. 1973. “Buddhist jhāna: its nature and attainment according to the Pali sources,” Religion, vol. 3, no. 2, 115-131. 10.1016/0048-721X(73)90003-1

[28] DELHEY, Martin. 2009. Samāhitā Bhūmiḥ: Das Kapitel über die meditative Versenkung im Grundteil der Yogācārabhūmi Teil 1, 2. Univ. Wien: Arbeitskreis für tibetische und buddhistische Studien.

[29] DELANU, Florin. 2006. The Chapter on the Mundane Path (Laukikamārga) in the Śrāvakabhūmi: Introductory study, Sanskrit diplomatic edition, Sanskrit critical edition. International Institute for Buddhist Studies of the International College for Postgraduate Buddhist Studies.

[30] GETHIN, Rupert. 2001[1992]. The Buddhist path to awakening: A study of the Bodhi-Pakkhiya Dhamma. Oneworld Publications.

[31] HONJO, Yoshifumi. 1984. 『俱舍論所依阿含全表 I』 [A Tabel of Āgama-citations in the Abhidharmakośa and Abhidharmakośopāyikā], Kyoto: Personal Publication.

[32] KIM, Seong-choel (김성철). 2009. 「정려의 구성요소를 둘러싼 여러 학파의 해석」 (1) [“On the Interpretation of the Factors of Dhyāna”] 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 55, 47-82.

[33] ______. 2009a. 「초기 유가행파 문헌에 인용된 ‘ 5지정 정형구’와 신념처」 [“On the Pañcāṅgika-samādhi Fomular and Kāyasmṛtyupasthāna in the Early Yogācāra Literature”] 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 55, 47-82.

[34] KUAN, Tse-fu. 2005. “CLARIFICATION ON FEELINGS IN BUDDHIST DHYĀNA/JHĀNA MEDITATION,” Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 33, no. 3, 285-319. 10.1007/s10781-004-7378-6

[35] ______. 2008. Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New approaches through psychology and textual analysis of Pāli, Chinese and Sanskrit sources, Abingdon, New York: Routledge.

[36] LIM, Seung-taek (임승택). 2003. 「첫 번째 선정(初禪)의 의의와 위상에 대한 고찰」 [“A Study on the Meaning of the First Jhāna”] 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 59, 55-84.

[37] MAYRHOFER, Manfred. 1956-1976. Kurzgefaßtes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary, Band I-III. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.

[38] Ñāṇamoli, 2010[1956]. Visuddhimagga: The path of purification.

[39] Pande, Govind Chandra. 1974. Studies in the Origins of Buddhism. Motilal Banarsidass.

[40] Pāsādika. 1989. Kanonische Zitate im Abhidharmakosabhāṣya des Vasubandhu. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. (SWTF, Beiheft 1.)

[41] SAKURABE, Hajime, ODANI, Nobuchiyo, HONJO, Yoshifumi, 『俱舍論の原典解明: 智品․定品』 [*Exposition of Abhidharmakośabhāṣya: Jñānanirdeśa and samāpattinirdeśa], Tokyo: Daijo Press.

[42] SAMTANI, N.H. 2005[1971]. The Arthaviniścayasūtra and its Commentary (Nibandhana), Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute.

[43] SCHMITHAUSEN, Lambert. 1981. “On Some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of ‘Liberating Insight’ and ‘Enlightenment’,” Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus, Gedenkschritf für L. Asldorf, Wiesbaden, 199-250.

[44] SPIRO, Melford E. 1982[1970]. Buddhism and Society, Berkeley: University of California Press.

[45] STUART-FOX, Martin. 1989. “Jhāna and Buddhist scholasticism,” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 12, no. 2, 79-110.

[46] TUBB, G. A. and BOOSE, E. R. 2007. Scholastic Sanskrit. American Institute of Buddhist Studies.

[47] VETTER, Tilmann. 1988. The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, Brill Archive.

[48] VETTER, Tilmann (틸만 페터). KIM, Soeng-cheol (김성철 역) 2020[2009]. 『초기불교의 이념과 명상』 [The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism] 서울: 씨아알(CIR).

Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies ISSN:1598-0642(Print) 불교학연구

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