Candrakīrti’s Inference

doi:10.21482/jbs.61..201912.133

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Candrakīrti’s Inference 짠드라끼르띠의 추론식: 함형석
Hyoung Seok Ham; 전남대학교 철학과 조교수

Assistant Professor Dept. of Philosophy, Chonnam National University

31 December 2019. pp. 133∼154

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Abstract

Candrakīrti’s (c. 600-650 CE) critique of Bhāviveka (c. 500-570 CE) at his commentary on the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā 1.1 drew scholars’ attention as the locus classicus for dividing the Madhyamaka school into *Svātantrika (Rang rgyud pa) and *Prāsaṅgika (Thal ’gyur ba). This paper discusses the nature of the inferences that Candrakīrti presents at the end of his critique and rejects the tendency of equating them with one of the two purposes of Dignāga’s (c. 480-540 CE) inference, that is, refutation (dūṣaṇa). Candrakīrti discusses the Mādhyamikas’ formulation of inferences in relation to the Madhyamaka identity, and his inferences deliberately violate the conditions that Dignāga assumed to be indispensable for an inference to be valid. Candrakīrti sees the ultimate objective of presenting one’s own inference to others in refuting the opponent and points out that the validity of inferences does not play any role in deciding the victory or defeat of debates. Accordingly, Candrakīrti finally declares Dignāga’s project of defining the characteristics of valid inferences to be useless (niḥprayojana). Candrakīrti’s act of formulating inferences in the form of syllogism itself may be viewed as his compromise with the demands of the times. However, the fact that he presented his own syllogism does not necessarily mean that he considered it to be a purposeful act.

Keywords

Candrakīrti

Prasannapadā

Madhyamaka

Prāsaṅgika

Indian Logic

짠드라끼르띠(Candrakīrti, c. 600-650)가 나가르주나(Nāgārjuna, c. 150-250)의 󰡔근본중 송󰡕 1.1을 주석하는 가운데 바비베까(Bhāviveka, c. 500-570)의 󰡔근본중송󰡕 주석 방식을 비판하는 부분은 자립논증파(*Svātantrika, Rang rgyud pa)와 귀류논증파(*Prāsaṅgika, Thal ’gyur ba)라는 중관학파 내부의 서로 다른 학파적 정체성을 드러내는 전거로서 학계의 주목을 받아왔다. 짠드라끼르띠는 바비베까 비판을 마무리하며 자신이 변호하는 붓다 빨리따(Buddhapālita, c. 470-550)의 주석을 추론식으로 변환하기도 하고 자신이 직접 삼 지작법의 형식으로 “스스로 발생함”(svata utpattiḥ)을 부정하는 추론식을 작성하기도 한 다. 본고는 짠드라끼르띠가 작성한 추론식을 디그나가(Dignāga, c. 480-540)가 제시하는 추론식의 두 가지 목적인 ‘논증’(sādhana)와 ‘논박’(dūṣaṇa) 가운데 후자와 등치시키는 현 대학자들의 해석을 비판한다. 짠드라끼르띠는 자신의 중관논사로서의 정체성과 결부 시켜 중관논사의 추론식 작성에 대해 논하고 있으며, 이에 따라 짠드라끼르띠의 추론식 은 디그나가의 추론식 작성 규칙을 의도적으로 어긴 뒤 작성되는 것이다. 짠드라끼르띠는 더 나아가 추론식의 최종적인 목표를 그것의 무결성에서 구하지 않고 논쟁의 승패에 서 찾고 있으며 타당한 추론식으로는 논쟁의 승부가 결정될 수 없음을 지적한다. 이러 한 이유에서 그는 추론식의 작성규칙을 마련하고자 했던 디그나가의 프로젝트 자체를 무용한 것이라 선언하며 논쟁 상대가 인정하는 바를 전제한 후 그것이 모순에 빠짐을 지적하는 중관학파의 귀류적 논쟁방식의 정당성을 확보한다.

키워드

짠드라끼르띠

쁘라싼나빠다

중관학파

귀류논증파

인도 논리학

References

∙ 叶少勇, 『中论颂 - 梵藏汉合校･导读･译注』, 上海：中西書句, 2011.
∙ E.H. Johnston and Arnold Kunst ed., “The Vigrahavyāvartanī of Nāgārjuna with the Author’s Commentary,” in The Dialectical Method of Nāgārjuna: Vigrahavyāvartanī by Kamaleswar Bhattacharya, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1978, pp. 33-86.
∙ PrasLVP de la Vallée Poussin, Louis ed. Mūlamadhyamakakārikās (Mādhyamikasūtras) de Nāgārjuna avec la Prasannapadā Commentaire de Candrakīrti, St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences. 1903-1913.
∙ PrasM MacDonald, Anne ed. In Clear Words: The Prasannapadā, Chapter One, vol. I Introduction, Manuscript Description Sanskrit Text, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 2015.
∙ PrasTIB MacDonald, Anne ed. In Clear Words: The Prasannapadā, Chapter One, vol. II Annotated Translation, Tibetan Text, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 2015, pp. 381-499.
∙Walter Ruben, Die Nyāyasūtra’s — Text, Übersetzung, Erläuterung und Glossar, Leipzig: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, 1928.
∙ Anne MacDonald, In Clear Words: The Prasannapadā, Chapter One, vol. II Annotated Translation, Tibetan Text, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2015.
∙ David Seyfort Ruegg, Two Prolegomena to Madhyamaka Philosophy, Wien: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, 2002.
∙ Eugène Burnouf, Introduction to the History of Indian Buddhism, trans. by Katia Buffetrille and Donald Lopez, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2010.
∙ Theodor Stcherbatsky, The Conception of Buddhist Nirvāṇa, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1978.
∙ 강성용, ｢대안이 없는 비난에서 입장을 세우지 않는 논쟁까지 – 언쟁(vitaṇḍā)의 기원과 의미에 대한 연구｣, 『철학연구』, 제 66집, 서울: 철학연구회, 2004, pp. 25-44.
∙ 카지야마 유이치, ｢불교지식론의 형성｣, 『인도불교의 인식과 논리』, 전치수 역, 서울: 민족사, 1988, pp. 19-110.
∙ 桂紹隆, ｢因明正理門論研究 (一)｣, 『広島大学文学部紀要』, 広島: 広島大学文学部, 1977, pp. 106-126.
∙ Chizuko Yoshimizu, “Reasoning-for-others in Candrakīrti’s Madhyamaka Thought”, Journal of International Association of Buddhist Studies. vol. 35, no. 1-2, Lausanne: International Association of Buddhist Studies, 2012, pp. 413-444.
∙ Jundo Nagashima, “Reframing Bhāviveka”, 『불교학리뷰』, vol. 20, 논산: 금강대학교 불교문화연구소, 2016, pp. 13-48.
∙ Karin Preisendanz, “Logic, Debate and Epistemology in Ancient Indian Medical Science – An Investigation into the History and Historiography of Indian Philosophy”, Indian Journal of History of Science, vol. 44, no. 2, New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy, 2009, pp. 261-312.
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Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 61
No :0
Pages :133∼154
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.61..201912.133

[1] ∙ 叶少勇, 『中论颂 - 梵藏汉合校･导读･译注』, 上海：中西書句, 2011.

[2] ∙ E.H. Johnston and Arnold Kunst ed., “The Vigrahavyāvartanī of Nāgārjuna with the Author’s Commentary,” in The Dialectical Method of Nāgārjuna: Vigrahavyāvartanī by Kamaleswar Bhattacharya, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1978, pp. 33-86.

[3] ∙ PrasLVP de la Vallée Poussin, Louis ed. Mūlamadhyamakakārikās (Mādhyamikasūtras) de Nāgārjuna avec la Prasannapadā Commentaire de Candrakīrti, St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences. 1903-1913.

[4] ∙ PrasM MacDonald, Anne ed. In Clear Words: The Prasannapadā, Chapter One, vol. I Introduction, Manuscript Description Sanskrit Text, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 2015.

[5] ∙ PrasTIB MacDonald, Anne ed. In Clear Words: The Prasannapadā, Chapter One, vol. II Annotated Translation, Tibetan Text, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 2015, pp. 381-499.

[6] ∙Walter Ruben, Die Nyāyasūtra’s — Text, Übersetzung, Erläuterung und Glossar, Leipzig: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, 1928.

[7] ∙ Anne MacDonald, In Clear Words: The Prasannapadā, Chapter One, vol. II Annotated Translation, Tibetan Text, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2015.

[8] ∙ David Seyfort Ruegg, Two Prolegomena to Madhyamaka Philosophy, Wien: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, 2002.

[9] ∙ Eugène Burnouf, Introduction to the History of Indian Buddhism, trans. by Katia Buffetrille and Donald Lopez, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2010.

[10] ∙ Theodor Stcherbatsky, The Conception of Buddhist Nirvāṇa, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1978.

[11] ∙ 강성용, ｢대안이 없는 비난에서 입장을 세우지 않는 논쟁까지 – 언쟁(vitaṇḍā)의 기원과 의미에 대한 연구｣, 『철학연구』, 제 66집, 서울: 철학연구회, 2004, pp. 25-44.

[12] ∙ 카지야마 유이치, ｢불교지식론의 형성｣, 『인도불교의 인식과 논리』, 전치수 역, 서울: 민족사, 1988, pp. 19-110.

[13] ∙ 桂紹隆, ｢因明正理門論研究 (一)｣, 『広島大学文学部紀要』, 広島: 広島大学文学部, 1977, pp. 106-126.

[14] ∙ Chizuko Yoshimizu, “Reasoning-for-others in Candrakīrti’s Madhyamaka Thought”, Journal of International Association of Buddhist Studies. vol. 35, no. 1-2, Lausanne: International Association of Buddhist Studies, 2012, pp. 413-444.

[15] ∙ Jundo Nagashima, “Reframing Bhāviveka”, 『불교학리뷰』, vol. 20, 논산: 금강대학교 불교문화연구소, 2016, pp. 13-48.

[16] ∙ Karin Preisendanz, “Logic, Debate and Epistemology in Ancient Indian Medical Science – An Investigation into the History and Historiography of Indian Philosophy”, Indian Journal of History of Science, vol. 44, no. 2, New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy, 2009, pp. 261-312.

[17] ∙ Yoshiyasu Yonezawa, “On svatantram anumānam”, 『印度學佛教學研究』, vol. 67, no. 3, 東京: 日本印度学仏教学会, 2019, pp. 82-88.

Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies ISSN:1598-0642(Print) 불교학연구

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