투고논문

31 March 2024. pp. 91∼123
Abstract
Asubhabhāvanā involves meditation on the explicit decay and skeletal transformation of the human body after death, with the aim of severing one’s attachment to one’s body and carnal desire for that of others. Navasaṃjñā, which is a detailed form of this practice, was actively adopted in Japanese art and literature. Since the Kamakura period, this practice has been reinterpreted in the context of Pure Land Buddhism and the cycle of the six realms, as discussed in the Essentials of Rebirth in the Pure Land by Genshin. Many kusōzu works have visualized this reinterpretation. An exemplary piece held at Shojūraigōji in Japan is particularly notable for illustrating the establishment and evolution of navasaṃjñā in Japan over time.
19-century replicas of this Shojūraigōji painting and its etoki (picture storytelling) scripts, entitled The Brief Origin Story of the Six Realms Paintings, depict an altered interpretation of navasaṃjñā and kusōzu during the Edo period. These materials reveal that kusōzu was frequently explained through the story of Empress Danrin, a historical figure, in the etoki performed for lay believers. As the narrative of Empress Danrin blended with navasaṃjñā, the audience for kusōzu extended to include all women. Additionally, the impurity of the body, which was not originally a subject of moral judgment, was interpreted as an original sin that hindered rebirth in the Pure Land. The fictional legend of Empress Danrin appears not only in Buddhist paintings such as those in the kusōzu tradition, but also in texts and visual materials of the indigenous Japanese Shinto religion. Within the broader context of Pure Land belief, which encompasses Buddhism and Shinto, the notion of women’s bodies as a manifestation of original sin spread through visual materials and their storytelling. This reinterpretation and transformation of navasaṃjñā were part of popular religious practices in 19th-century Japan, which were widely accepted in multiple religions.
부정관(不淨觀)은 신체의 부정이나 사후 부패 및 백골화를 관상(觀想)함으로써 수행자 자신과 타인의 신체에 대한 집착과 육욕(肉慾)을 끊어내는 것을 추구하는 수행법이다. 시신 부패의 아홉 단계를 관상하는 구상관(九相觀)은 부정관을 더 구체화한 것으로, 특히 일본에서 회화와 문학의 주제로 적극 수용되었다. 가마쿠라 시대 이후 구상관은 인도 초기불교 시대부터 이어진 수행법으로서가 아니라, 겐신의 『왕생요집』에서 논하는 정토 신앙과 육도윤회의 맥락에서 재해석되었다. 그리고 구상도(九相圖)는 이러한 재해석을 시각적으로 구현한 작품이다. 구상도 중 초기 작품인 일본 쇼쥬라이고지(聖衆來迎寺) 소장 인도부정상도(人道不淨相圖)는 일본 구상도 도상의 성립과 시대에 따른 구상관의 변용이라는 측면에서 주목된다.
19세기에 제작된 인도부정상도 모사본과 이를 주제로 한 에토키(繪解き, 그림 구연)의 대본 『육도회상략연기』는 구상관과 구상도에 대한 에도시대의 달라진 해석의 증거이다. 이 자료들은 일반 신도들을 대상으로 한 에토키를 통해 구상도가 종종 역사적 인물인 단린황후의 이야기로 해석되었음을 보여준다. 단린황후의 서사와 결합하면서 구상관의 주체는 출가 수행자나 상류층 여성이 아닌 모든 여성으로 확장되었고, 가치판단의 대상이 아니었던 신체의 부정은 정토왕생을 막는 원죄로 해석되었다. 단린황후의 구상설화(九相說話)는 불교 회화인 구상도 뿐 아니라 일본 토착 신앙인 신토(神道)의 문헌과 시각 자료에도 등장한다. 불교와 신토를 아우르는 넓은 의미의 정토 신앙 안에서 여성 신체에 대한 원죄 의식은 구상도같은 시각 자료와 그 에토키를 통해 퍼져나갔다. 이러한 구상관의 재해석과 변용은 종교와 종파에 관계없이 두루 수용되었던 19세기 일본의 민간 신앙의 일면이었다.
References

    ◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 Abbreviations and Primary Sources

     

  1. T   Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新修大藏經, ed. by TAKAKUSU Junjirō 高楠順次郞 and WATANABE Kaikyoku 渡邊海旭, 100 vols. Tōkyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924-1935.
  2.  

  3. 『安般守意經』   T602.
  4. 『禪行法想經』   T605.
  5. 『大智度論』   T1509.
  6. 『禪要經』   T609.
  7. 『阿毘達磨俱舍釋論』   T1559.
  8. 『阿毘達磨大毘婆沙論』   T1545.
  9. 『正法念處經』   T721.
  10. 『法句譬喩經』   T211.
  11. 『佛說大藏正敎血盆經』   卍新續藏 第1冊 no. 23.
  12. 『佛說大藏正敎血盆經和解』   筑波大学附属図書館藏本.
  13.  

    ◆ 이차 문헌 Secondary Literature

     

  14. AIZAWA, Masahiko 相澤正彦. 2003. 「室町時代の二つの九相詩図巻」(“Two Kusōshi-zu Scrolls from the Muromachi Period”), in 『九相圖資料集成: 死體の美術と文學』 (Kusōzu: the Nine Stages of a Decaying Corpse-the Art and Literature of Decomposition), ed. by YAMAMOTO Satomi 山本聰美 and NISHIYAMA Mika 西山美香, Tōkyo: Iwata Shoin 岩田書院, 212-224.
  15. CHIN, Gale. 1998. “The Gender of Buddhist Truth: The Female Corpse in a Group of Japanese Paintings,” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, vol. 25, no. 3-4, 277-317. 10.18874/jjrs.25.3-4.1998.277-317
  16. Dongkuk University Academy of Buddhist Studies 동국대학교 불교학술원. 불교기록문화유산 아카이브(Archives of Buddhist Culture), https://kabc.dongguk.edu/ (2024. 01. 20. 검색).
  17. GENSHIN 源信, KIM, Seongsun 김성순, tr. 2019. 『왕생요집』 (Essentials of Birth in the Pure Land), Seoul: Pulgwang Ch’ulp’ansa 불광출판사.
  18. GREENE, Eric M. 2013. “Death in A Cave: Meditation, Deathbed Ritual, and Skeletal Imagery at Tape Shotor,” Artibus Asiae, vol. 73, no. 2, 265-294.
  19. HAYASHI, Masahiko 林雅彦. 1983. 「六道絵相略縁起」 (“The Brief Origin Story of the Six Realms Paintings”), 『伝承文学資料集』 (Collection of Folk Literature Materials), vol. 11, 279-323.
  20. IZUMI, Takeo 泉武夫, et al. 2007. 『国宝六道絵』 (Nationla Treasure, Six Realms Paintings), Tōkyō: Chuō Koron Bijutsu Shuppan 中央公論美術出版.
  21. KAMINISHI, Ikumi. 2006. Explaining Pictures: Buddhist Propaganda and Etoki Storytelling in Japan, Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
  22. KANDA, Fusae. 2005. “Behind the Sensationalism: Images of a Decaying Corpse in Japanese Buddhist Art,” The Art Bulletin, vol. 87, no. 1, 24-49. 10.1080/00043079.2005.10786227
  23. KANG, Myeonghee 강명희. 2014. 「부정관(不淨觀) 폐해에 대한 경율 간 상위 고찰」 (“The Study on the Difference of the Bad Effect of Aśubhabhāvanā Reported in the Buddhist Sutra and Vinaya Texts”), 『불교문예연구』 (The Journal of Buddist Culture and Art), vol. 4, 175-206.
  24. KASUYA, Makoto 加須屋誠. 1994. 「聖衆來迎寺本六道絵「人道不浄相図」考」 (“A Study on the Picture of the Impure Human Realm Housed by Shojuraigo-ji Temple”), 『帝塚山学院大学研究論集』 (Tezukayama Gakuin University Research Journal) vol. 29, 61-84.
  25. KAWAKUCHI, Hisao 川口久雄. 1964. 「敦煌本歎百歳詩·九相観詩と日本の文学について」(“Dunhuang Version of the Poem Lamenting the Hundred Years, Poem Meditation on Nine Stages of Decay and Japanese Literature”), in 『内野博士還暦記念東洋学論集』 (Festschrift in Honor of Dr. Uchino’s 60th Birthday: A Collection of Essays on East Asian Studies), ed. by Uchino Hakushi kanreki kinen 内野博士還暦記念, Tōkyo: Kan Gi Bunka Kenkyūkai 漢魏文化研究会, 397-412.
  26. KIM, Soyeon 김소연. 2021. 「<구마노관심십계만다라도>에 나타난 에도시대 여성의 구원론」 (“Soteriology for Edo Women Represented in the Kumano Ten-Worlds Mandala”), 『미술사학보』 (Reviews on the Art History), vol. 57, 119-223.
  27. LEE, Kyeonghwa 이경화. 2022. 「여성의 신체에 대한 담론의 구조-일본 신화와 부정관설화를 중심으로」(“The Structure of Discourse about the Female Body: Focusing on Japanese Mythology and the Folklore of Paṭikkūlamanasikāra”), 『일본어문학』 (Journal of the society of Japanese Language and Literature, Japanology), vol. 96, 2022, 293-312.
  28. MAIR, Victor. 1989. Painting and Performance: Chinese Picture Recitation and Its Indian Genesis, Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
  29. NISHIYAMA, Mika 西山美香. 2009. 「檀林皇后九相說話と九相圖-禪の女人開悟談として」 (“Queen Danrin’s Nine Stages of Decaying Narrative and the Nine Stages of a Decaying Corpse Painting-as a Zen Tale of Women’s Enlightenment”), in 『九相圖資料集成: 死體の美術と文學』 (Kusōzu: the Nine Stages of a Decaying Corpse-the Art and Literature of Decomposition), ed. by YAMAMOTO Satomi 山本聰美 and NISHIYAMA Mika 西山美香, Tōkyo: Iwata Shoin 岩田書院, 225-237.
  30. NOBORU, Miyama 宮田登. 2010. 『ケガレの民俗誌: 差別の文化的要因』 (Ethnography of Kegare: Cultural Factors of Discrimination), Tōkyo: Chikuma Shobō 筑摩書房.
  31. OK, Bogyeon 옥복연. 2015. 「불교 경전에 나타난 여성혐오적 교리의 재해석 - 불교여성주의의 관점에서」(“Reinterpretation of the Sexist Doctrine Appears in the Buddhist Scriptures: From the Perspective of Buddhist Feminism”), 『한국여성학』 (Journal of Korean Women’s Studies), vol. 31, 95-121.
  32. PANDEY, Rajyashree. 2005. “Desire and Disgust: Meditations on the Impure Body in Medieval Japanese Narratives,” Monumenta Nipponica, vol. 60, no. 2, 195-234. 10.1353/mni.2005.0026
  33. PARK, Cheonghwan 박청환. 2017. 「초기불교 내러티브의 여성에 대한 부정관 유형 연구」(“A Study on the Models of the Contemplation of Foulness (Asubhabhāvanā) on the Feminine in the Early Buddhist Narratives”), 『동아시아불교문화』 (Journal of Eastern-Asia Buddhism and Culture), vol. 30, 3-27. 10.21718/EABC.2017.30.01
  34. SHARF, Robert. 2013. “Art in the Dark: the Ritual Context of Buddhist Caves in Western China,” in Art of Merit: Studies in Buddhist Art and its Conservation, ed. by David PARK, et al. London: Archetype Publications, Courtauld Institute of Art, 38-65.
  35. SONG, Yohu 송요후. 2014. 『혈분경의 기원과 사회 종교적 의미』 (The Origin and Socio- Religious Significance of the Blood Bowl Sutra), Seoul: Withusbook 위더스북.
  36. TARZI, Zémaryalaï. 1976. “Haḍḍa à la lumière des trois dernières campagnes de fouilles de Tapa-é-Shotor (1974-1976),” Compte-rendu de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres 120/3, 381-410. 10.3406/crai.1976.13266
  37. TINSLEY, Elizabeth, 2017. “The Composition of Decomposition: The Kusōzu Images of Matsui Fuyuko and Itō Seiu, and Buddhism in Erotic Grotesque Modernity,” Journal of Asian Humanities at Kyushu University, vol. 2, 15-45. 10.5109/1806128 33458091
  38. TŌRU, Shinbo 真保亨. 1967. 「資料紹介 六道絵相略縁起」 (“Introduction of Research Materials: The Brief Origin Story of the Six Realms Paintings”), 『日本仏教』(Journal of Japanese Buddhism), vol. 26, 42-56.
  39. VANLEENE, Alexandra. 2018. “Differences and Similarities in Gandharan Art Production: the Case of the Modelling School of Hadda (Afghanistan),” in The Geography of Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop of the Gandhara Connections Project, University of Oxford, 22nd-23rd March, 2018, ed. by Wannaporn RIENJANG and Peter STEWART, Oxford: Archaeopress, 143-163.
  40. WILSON, Liz. 1996. Charming Cadavers: Horrific Figurations of the Feminine in Indian Buddhist Hagiographic Literature, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  41. YAMAMOTO, Satomi 山本聰美. 2009. 「日本における九相圖の成立と展開」 (“The Formation and Development of the Nine Stages of a Decaying Corpse Painting in Japan”), in 『九相圖資料集成: 死體の美術と文學』 (Kusōzu: the Nine Stages of a Decaying Corpse-the Art and Literature of Decomposition), ed. by YAMAMOTO Satomi 山本聰美 and NISHIYAMA Mika 西山美香, Tōkyo: Iwata Shoin 岩田書院, 198-211.
  42. YAMAMOTO, Satomi 山本聰美 and NISHIYAMA Mika 西山美香, ed. 2009. 『九相圖資料集成: 死體の美術と文學』 (Kusōzu: the Nine Stages of a Decaying Corpse-the Art and Literature of Decomposition), Tōkyo: Iwata Shoin 岩田書院.
Information
  • Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
  • Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
  • Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
  • Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
  • Volume : 78
  • No :0
  • Pages :91∼123