A Study on the Formation of the Cakrasaṃvaratantra- with analysis of early commentaries on its opening words

doi:10.21482/jbs.65..202012.29

All Issue

2020 Vol.65 Preview Page Next Page

초기/인도불교

A Study on the Formation of the Cakrasaṃvaratantra- with analysis of early commentaries on its opening words 『차크라삼바라탄트라』 (Cakrasaṃvaratantra)의 성립 연구 －경전의 시작에 대한 초기 주석가들의 주해를 중심으로: 방정란
Junglan Bang; 대정대학교 종합불교연구소 연구원

Researcher / The Institute for Comprehensive Studies of Buddhism Taisho University

31 December 2020. pp. 29-55

PDF

Abstract

The Cakrasaṃvaratantra (hereafter CaSa) is the earliest Tantra in the Saṃvara/ Śamvara tradition of Vajrayāna. It shows the strong textual influence from the Sarvabuddhasamāyogaḍākinījālaśamva (hereafter SaBuSa). For example, the first three verses of CaSa could be regarded as an enlarged revision of the first stanza of SaBuSa. Neither tantra starts with the conventional opening words of Buddhist sūtras, viz. evaṃ mayā śrutam, etc. More precisely, there is a significant difference between the two tantras. While SaBuSa does not have any specific opening words, CaSa begins with words, athātaḥ (atha and ataḥ). Therefore, it is not difficult to imagine that some people could have initially denied that these tantras are authoritative canons containing Buddha’s teaching.. As a result of such potential complications, the authors of the Saṃvara tradition may have attempted to establish the opening words of CaSa, athātaḥ, as a new paradigm for the commencement of the Buddha’s teaching. However they were aware that athātaḥ was one of the Indian conventions for the beginning of scriptures or exegeses in non-Buddhist, Indian traditions. Consequently, the authors of the Saṃvara tradition had to develop explanations of the words, athātaḥ, based on Vajrayāna doctrine and the history of the transmission of their tantras. In considering this matter, this paper analyzes three early commentaries found in the extant Sanskrit texts, i.e., Jayabhadra’s Pañjikā, Kambala’s Sādhananidhi, and Bhavabhaṭṭa’s Vivṛti, on first half-verse of CaSa. Accordingly, the first part of this paper aims to show what kinds of interpretation were shared among these learned authors and their own distinct and creative expositions on the opening words of CaSa. Then, the last part of the paper will deal with some questions about dating of CaSa and the dating of commentators based upon Tibetan historical accounts.

Keywords

Cakrasaṃvaratantra

the preamble of Sūtra (sūtrārambha)

Jayabhadra

Bhavabhaṭṭa

Kambala

인도 밀교 전통 가운데 삼바라(Saṃvara, 혹은 Śaṃvara) 전통은 분노존의 형태인 차크라삼바라(Cakrasaṃvara)로 화한 헤루카(Heruka)를 주존으로 삼는다. 이 전통에 속한 경전들 가운데 가장 초기에 성립된 핵심 경전인 Cakrasaṃvaratantra(이후 CaSa)는 요기니탄트라(Yoginītantra) 계열의 경전이다. CaSa를 필두로 삼바라 경전군에는 열두 개 이상의 탄트라가 현재까지 전해지며, 그 영향력은 인도를 넘어 네팔, 티벳은 물론, 몽골 등지로 뻗어나가 현재까지도 살아 있는 전통으로서 수행되어 오고 있다. CaSa라는 밀교 경전의 발생을 이해하기 위해서 요가탄트라에서 요기니탄트라로의 전환 과정을 보여주는 중요한 밀교 경전인 Sarvabuddhasamāyogaḍākinījālaśaṃvara(이후 SaBuSa)를 살펴볼 필요가 있다. SaBuSa와 CaSa의 시작 게송들부터가 매우 유사하기 때문에, 이 유사 구절의 분석을 통해 SaBuSa에서 CaSa로 이행되는 밀교 경전의 발전 및 문헌 개정 과정의 일면을 엿볼 수 있기 때문이다. 이에 본고는 CaSa의 주석 가운데 산스크리트 원문이 전해지는 초기 주석들인 Jayabhadra의 Pañjikā, Bhavabhaṭṭa의 Vivṛti, 그리고 Kambala의 Sādhananidhi의 주해를 중심으로 CaSa라는 경전 성립의 층위를 추적할 수 있는 증거들을 분석하고자 한다. 이 문헌들은 인도 밀교사에서 CaSa가 지니는 독특한 위치를 보여주고 있지만 그 중요성에 비해 원문의 전체 편집은 물론 현대어 완역도 아직 없는 상태이다. 그러므로 본고는 교정, 출판되지 않았던 원문과 현대어 초역을 함께 시도하여 CaSa의 권위를 정립하기 위한 저자들의 주해를 분석해 본다. 이와 더불어 CaSa가 주요 밀교 전통의 하나로서 자리매김하는 시기를 주석가들의 연대 문제와 함께 살펴보기 위해, 이 문헌들이 티벳역 되는 시기와 관련된 진술을 전하는 후대 티벳 사료들도 함께 검토해 본다.

키워드

차크라삼바라탄트라(Cakrasaṃvaratantra)

경전의 개시(sūtrārambha)

자야바드라(Jayabhadra)

바바밧타(Bhavabhaṭṭa)

캄발라(Kambala)

References

◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 ABBREVIATIONS AND PRIMARY SOURCES

^ac ante correctionem
omit. 누락(omission)
Ms./Mss. Manuscript/Manuscripts
^pc post correctionem
r recto
v verso
NGMPP Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project
CaSa Cakrasaṃvaratantra ; 사본(Baroda Acc. 13290) ; [편집본] PANDEY, Janardan Shastri. 2002. Śrīherukābhidhānam Cakrasaṃvaratantram with the Vivṛti Commentary of Bhavabhaṭṭa, 2vols, Rare Buddhist Texts Series 26, Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath: Varanasi. ; GRAY, David. B. 2012. The Cakrasamvara Tantra (The Discourse of Śrī Heruka), Editions of the Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts, American Institute of Buddhist Studies, New York: Columbia University Press.
Pañjikā Jayabhadra의 Cakrasaṃvaratantrapañjikā; [사본] NGMPP B30-41 (A로 약칭); NGMPP B30-43 (B로 약칭); [편집본] SUGIKI, Tsunehiko ed. (杉木恒彦). 2006. 「チャクラサンヴァラタントラ』の成立段について:- Jayabhadra 作 Śrīcakrasamvarapañjikā 校訂梵本」[On the making of Śrīcakrasamvaratantra : with a critical Sanskrit tex of Jayabhadra'sŚrīcakrasaṃvarapañjikā), 『智山学報』 (The Chisan Gakuho) vol.50, 91-141.
Vivṛti Bhavabhaṭṭa의 Cakrasaṃvaratantravivṛti [편집본] PANDEY, Janardan Shastri. 2002 (CaSa 편집본 참조) ; [부분편집본] LI, Nan (李南). 2005 『《胜乐轮经》及其注疏解读 = Shengle lunjing jiqi zhushu jiedu, 李南校勘译注』, Beijing: 中国社会科学出版社 (China Society Science Publishing House); BANG, Junglan. 2019. The Opening Passages of Bhavabhaṭṭa's Commentary (Vivṛti) on the Cakrasaṃvaratantra, -Remarks on his elaboration of the preamble-, 『大正大学綜合仏教研究所年報』 (Annual of the Institute for Comprehensive Studies of Buddhism), no. 41.139-164. *본고에서 인용한 편집 원문은 Bang 2019에서 발췌.
SaBuSa Sarvabuddhasamāyogaḍākinījālaśamvara [편집본] 2018 Dhīḥ (Journal of rare Buddhist texts) 58, 141-201
SāNi Kambala의 Sādhananidhi [사본] NGMPP A 31-20 (N로 약칭) Göttingen Xc 14-30 (G로 약칭) [부분편집본] SUGIKI Tsunehiko. 2016. "Kambala's Sādhananidhi- Critical Editions of the Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts of Chapters from 4 to 7", 『開智国際大学紀要』 (Bulletin of Kaichi International University) vol.15, 19-46.
Hevajratantra [편집본] SNELLGROVE, David L. 1959. The Hevajra Tantra. A Critical Study, Part I, Introduction and Translation; Part II, Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts, London Oriental Series 6, London: Oxford University Press.
Deb ther sngon po [편집본] SCHIEFNER, Anton. 1868. "Târanâthae de Doctrinae Buddhicae in India Propagatione Narratio. Contextum tibeticum e codicibus petropolitanis edidit Antonius Schiefner", St. Petersburg: Academia Scientiarum Petropolitana.
CHEUNG, Daisy Sze Yui. (forthcoming). "On Kambala's Navaślokī and its Chinese translation", Conference Proceeding for the Production and Preservation of Buddhist Manuscripts in Central and East Asia (Cambridge, August 2018).
JUNG, Seung Suk (정승석). 2008. 「요가수트라 개시 선언의 해석학적 의미」 ["The Hermeneutic Meaning of the Opening Statement in Yogasūtra"], 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 24, 51-81. 10.32761/kjip.2008..24.003

◆ 이차 문헌 SECONDARY LITERATURE

LEE, Youngjin (이영진). 2011. 「하리바드라의 Abhisamayālaṅkārālokā에 나타난 논서의 시작(Śāstrārambha)」 ["The Śāstrārambha(beginning of treaties) of Abhisamayālaṅkārālokā"], 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 33, 169-201. 10.32761/kjip.2011..33.006
LEE, Youngjin (이영진). 2012. 「『현관장엄론』 1-2게송에 대한 하리바드라의 부자연스러운 해석과 경전을 주석하는 방법론」["Haribhadra's forced interpretation with regard to the first two verses of Abhisamayālaṅkāraprajñāpāramitopadeśaśāstra and the methodology of glossing on Sūtras"], 『한국불교학』 (The Korean Association For Buddhist Studies) vol. 62, 153-182
SANDERSON, Alexis. 2009. "The Śaiva age : The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism During the Early Medieval Period", Genesis and Development of Tantrism, ed. EINOO, Shingo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 41-349.\
SUGIKI, Tsunehiko. 2015. "Śamvara", Encyclopedia of Buddhism, ed. JONATHAN A. Silk, Oskar von Hinüber, Vincent Eltschinger, Leiden: Brill, 360-366.
Szántó, Péter-Dániel & Griffiths, Arlo. 2015. "Sarvabuddhasamāyogaḍākinījalaśaṃvara", Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism. ed. Jonathan A. Silk, Leiden: Brill.
ROERICH, George. N. 1979. The Blue Annals, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 65
No :0
Pages :29-55
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.65..202012.29

[1] ^ac ante correctionem

[2] omit. 누락(omission)

[3] Ms./Mss. Manuscript/Manuscripts

[4] ^pc post correctionem

[5] r recto

[6] v verso

[7] NGMPP Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project

[8] CaSa Cakrasaṃvaratantra ; 사본(Baroda Acc. 13290) ; [편집본] PANDEY, Janardan Shastri. 2002. Śrīherukābhidhānam Cakrasaṃvaratantram with the Vivṛti Commentary of Bhavabhaṭṭa, 2vols, Rare Buddhist Texts Series 26, Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath: Varanasi. ; GRAY, David. B. 2012. The Cakrasamvara Tantra (The Discourse of Śrī Heruka), Editions of the Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts, American Institute of Buddhist Studies, New York: Columbia University Press.

[9] Pañjikā Jayabhadra의 Cakrasaṃvaratantrapañjikā; [사본] NGMPP B30-41 (A로 약칭); NGMPP B30-43 (B로 약칭); [편집본] SUGIKI, Tsunehiko ed. (杉木恒彦). 2006. 「チャクラサンヴァラタントラ』の成立段について:- Jayabhadra 作 Śrīcakrasamvarapañjikā 校訂梵本」[On the making of Śrīcakrasamvaratantra : with a critical Sanskrit tex of Jayabhadra'sŚrīcakrasaṃvarapañjikā), 『智山学報』 (The Chisan Gakuho) vol.50, 91-141.

[10] Vivṛti Bhavabhaṭṭa의 Cakrasaṃvaratantravivṛti [편집본] PANDEY, Janardan Shastri. 2002 (CaSa 편집본 참조) ; [부분편집본] LI, Nan (李南). 2005 『《胜乐轮经》及其注疏解读 = Shengle lunjing jiqi zhushu jiedu, 李南校勘译注』, Beijing: 中国社会科学出版社 (China Society Science Publishing House); BANG, Junglan. 2019. The Opening Passages of Bhavabhaṭṭa's Commentary (Vivṛti) on the Cakrasaṃvaratantra, -Remarks on his elaboration of the preamble-, 『大正大学綜合仏教研究所年報』 (Annual of the Institute for Comprehensive Studies of Buddhism), no. 41.139-164. *본고에서 인용한 편집 원문은 Bang 2019에서 발췌.

[11] SaBuSa Sarvabuddhasamāyogaḍākinījālaśamvara [편집본] 2018 Dhīḥ (Journal of rare Buddhist texts) 58, 141-201

[12] SāNi Kambala의 Sādhananidhi [사본] NGMPP A 31-20 (N로 약칭) Göttingen Xc 14-30 (G로 약칭) [부분편집본] SUGIKI Tsunehiko. 2016. "Kambala's Sādhananidhi- Critical Editions of the Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts of Chapters from 4 to 7", 『開智国際大学紀要』 (Bulletin of Kaichi International University) vol.15, 19-46.

[13] Hevajratantra [편집본] SNELLGROVE, David L. 1959. The Hevajra Tantra. A Critical Study, Part I, Introduction and Translation; Part II, Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts, London Oriental Series 6, London: Oxford University Press.

[14] Deb ther sngon po [편집본] SCHIEFNER, Anton. 1868. "Târanâthae de Doctrinae Buddhicae in India Propagatione Narratio. Contextum tibeticum e codicibus petropolitanis edidit Antonius Schiefner", St. Petersburg: Academia Scientiarum Petropolitana.

[15] CHEUNG, Daisy Sze Yui. (forthcoming). "On Kambala's Navaślokī and its Chinese translation", Conference Proceeding for the Production and Preservation of Buddhist Manuscripts in Central and East Asia (Cambridge, August 2018).

[16] JUNG, Seung Suk (정승석). 2008. 「요가수트라 개시 선언의 해석학적 의미」 ["The Hermeneutic Meaning of the Opening Statement in Yogasūtra"], 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 24, 51-81. 10.32761/kjip.2008..24.003

[17] LEE, Youngjin (이영진). 2011. 「하리바드라의 Abhisamayālaṅkārālokā에 나타난 논서의 시작(Śāstrārambha)」 ["The Śāstrārambha(beginning of treaties) of Abhisamayālaṅkārālokā"], 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 33, 169-201. 10.32761/kjip.2011..33.006

[18] LEE, Youngjin (이영진). 2012. 「『현관장엄론』 1-2게송에 대한 하리바드라의 부자연스러운 해석과 경전을 주석하는 방법론」["Haribhadra's forced interpretation with regard to the first two verses of Abhisamayālaṅkāraprajñāpāramitopadeśaśāstra and the methodology of glossing on Sūtras"], 『한국불교학』 (The Korean Association For Buddhist Studies) vol. 62, 153-182

[19] SANDERSON, Alexis. 2009. "The Śaiva age : The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism During the Early Medieval Period", Genesis and Development of Tantrism, ed. EINOO, Shingo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 41-349.\

[20] SUGIKI, Tsunehiko. 2015. "Śamvara", Encyclopedia of Buddhism, ed. JONATHAN A. Silk, Oskar von Hinüber, Vincent Eltschinger, Leiden: Brill, 360-366.

[21] Szántó, Péter-Dániel & Griffiths, Arlo. 2015. "Sarvabuddhasamāyogaḍākinījalaśaṃvara", Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism. ed. Jonathan A. Silk, Leiden: Brill.

[22] ROERICH, George. N. 1979. The Blue Annals, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies ISSN:1598-0642(Print) 불교학연구

All Issue