The Transmission of the Buddhist Thoughts (2) : From Zhongjingjiaojiyi (衆經敎迹義) to The Writings of the Silla Monks

doi:10.21482/jbs.65..202012.57

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중국불교

The Transmission of the Buddhist Thoughts (2) : From Zhongjingjiaojiyi (衆經敎迹義) to The Writings of the Silla Monks ｢교적의(敎迹義)｣ 텍스트의 변천 연구(2) －원측과 원효의 ｢중경교적의｣ 인용 태도를 중심으로: 이상민
Sangmin Lee; 고려대학교 철학과 강사

Lecturer / Department of Philosophy Korea University

31 December 2020. pp. 57-85

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Abstract

This paper aims to trace the textual and ideological transformations from Jingying Huiyuan (淨影慧遠)’s Zhongjingjiaojiyi (衆經敎迹義, “The Meaning of the Teachings of the Buddha in the various Sūtras”) to the later writings written by the eminent Silla monks, that is, Wuliangyijing Shu (無量義經疏, “A Commentary to the Mahānirdeśa-sūtra”) of Woncheuk (圓測) and Yeolban Jongyo (涅槃宗要, “The Core Teachings and Essentials of the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra”) of Wonhyo (元曉).

Both texts selectively quote sentences of the Zhongjingjiaojiyi and reform it for their own purpose and discussions. Since Woncheuk and Wonhyo were focusing on the doctrinal problems and discussions in their time, the original intention of the Zhongjingjiaojiyi was ignored. In the result, the philosophical structure of the Zhongjingjiaojiyi had faded away.

These examples reveal the peculiarities of Buddhist thought thorough the transformation of a text. Regardless of the times, Buddhist monks pursued the middle (madhyama) beyond two extremes. This applies not only to Woncheuk and Wonhyo but also to the previous monks. However, one text can only be fully understood in the context of the era in which the text was written. A text that was directed towards the madhyama of yesterday, comes to be understood as an extreme argument of today. However, the transformed text is still playing a role in the Buddhist tradition, as a source being used to identify the Middle of the new era.

Keywords

Fashang (法上)

Jingying Huiyuan (淨影慧遠)

Woncheuk (圓測)

Wonhyo (元曉)

Zhongjingjiaojiyi (衆經敎迹義)

Wuliangyijing Shu (無量義經疏)

Yeolban Jongyo (涅槃宗要)

본고는 원측 찬 『무량의경소』와 원효 찬 『열반종요』를 통해, 지론학파의 저술인 「중경교적의」가 후대에 수용되고 변용된 양상을 추적하고 그 사상적 의의를 고찰하였다. 고찰 결과는 다음과 같다.

1. 원측 찬 『무량의경소』에는 중국과 인도의 경전관을 열거하면서 「중경교적의」가 인용되고 있지만, 「중경교적의」가 논파 대상으로 삼았던 돈점 5시7계교와 일음교를 재인용할 뿐 「중경교적의」의 본래 논의는 거의 고려되지 않는다. 오히려 그의 논의는 3시교에 대한 청변과 호법의 논쟁을 소개하는 것으로 나아가는데, 이는 원측의 시대에 있었던 최신예의 교학적 논쟁이었다.

2. 원효 찬 『열반종요』는 「중경교적의」의 문구를 원용하여 남북조 시대의 경전관을 소개하고 「교적의」 특유의 비시간적 경전관 또한 제시하고 있었다. 그러나 원효는 「중경교적의」의 주장 또한 돈점 5시7계교와 대립하는 극단의 설로 재해석하고 있으며, 이처럼 재구성된 양극단의 관점을 극복하는 화쟁의 관점을 제시하고 있다.

3. 『무량의경소』와 『열반종요』에 나타난 「중경교적의」의 인용 태도를 통해 우리는 하나의 텍스트가 시대의 변천에 따라 어떠한 방식으로 활용되는지를 확인할 수 있다. 실제로, 「교적의」 텍스트를 작성한 모든 논사들은 같은 지향점, 즉 양극단을 떠난 중(中, Madhyama)의 태도를 추구하고 있었다. 그러나 원측이나 원효와 같은 후대의 논사들은 전대의 논사들이 어떠한 태도를 가지고 있었는지에 대해서는 큰 관심이 없었던 듯하다. 그들에게는 그들의 시대가 요청하는 문제의식이 있었고, 이를 위해서 과거의 텍스트는 상대적으로 부족한, 혹은 극복해야할 대상이 되어야 할 필요가 있었다.

4. 다른 관점에서 보면, 텍스트의 변용은 그 텍스트에 새로운 역할을 부여한다. 『무량의경소』가 청변과 호법의 3시교를 제시하고, 『열반종요』가 양 극단을 벗어난 교판을 선언하는 과정에서 사용된 「교적의」 텍스트는, 하나의 텍스트가 변용을 통해서 지속적으로 생명력을 얻고 있음을 보여준다.

키워드

중경교적의(衆經敎迹義)

법상(法上)

정영혜원(淨影慧遠)

원측(圓測)

원효(元曉)

『무량의경소(無量義經疏)』

『열반종요(涅槃宗要)』

References

◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 ABBREVIATIONS AND PRIMARY SOURCES

P PELLIOT, Paul(1878-1945) collection, Chinese Fragments in Bibliothèque nationale de France.
『大正藏』(T) 大正新修大藏經 [Revised Buddhist canon compiled during the Taishō reign period]. Eds. TAKAKUSU, Junjirō (高楠順次郞) and WATANABE, Kaikyoku (渡邊海旭) et. al., 100 vols., Tokyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924-1935.
『卍續藏』(X) 卍新纂大日本續藏經 [Supplement Buddhist canon reedited], Eds, KAWAMURA, Koshō (河村孝照) et al., 90 vols., Tokyo: 國書刊行會(Kokushokankōkai), 1967-1989.
『無量義經疏』 사이쿄지소장 원측찬 무량의경소 [*Woncheuk's Wuliangyijing Shu in Saikyōji (西敎寺)], ed. Dongguk Univesity, Otsu: Otsu City Museum of History, 2018.
『大智度論』 T1509.
『妙法蓮華經玄義』 T1716.
『華嚴經探玄記』 T1733.
『大方廣佛華嚴經疏』 T1735.
『涅槃經宗要』 T1769.
『中觀論疏』 T1824.
『大乘義章』 T1851.
『解深密經疏』 X369.
CHOI, Yeonshik (최연식). 2016. 「인도와 동아시아 불교 종파 논의의 현황과 과제」 [*"The Situation and Problems of the discussion of the Buddhist "Sect" between the India and the East Asia"], 『동아시아 종파불교』 [*Sectarian Buddhism in East Asia], Seoul: 민족사(Minjoksa), 2016, 19-44.
FUJII, Kyōkō (藤井敎公). 2015. 「元曉『涅槃宗要』における引用文の檢討」 ["The Citations in Wonhyo's Yolban chong'yo"], 『印度學佛敎學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol.63(2), 811-818.

◆ 이차 문헌 SECONDARY LITERATURE

FUSE, Kōgaku (布施浩岳). 1973. 『涅槃宗之硏究』 [*A Study of The Nirvāṇa School], Tokyo: 國書刊行會(Gokushokankōkai).
JANG, Gyu-eon (장규언). 2014. 「제2시와 제3시 설법의 관계에 대한 원측(圓測) 인식의 특징-『해심밀경소』 티벳어역 속 신발굴자료에 대한 소개를 겸해」 ["Some Characteristics of Woncheuk's View on the Relationship Between the Second and Third Buddha-cakras in Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra ─ With Some Newly Identified Materials in Ḥphags pa dgoṅs pa zab mo ṅes par ḥgrel paḥi mdo rgya cher ḥgrel pa"], 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 40, 83-135. 10.21482/jbs.40..201409.83
KIM, Joon-Hyoung (김준형). 1985. 『元曉의 敎判論硏究』 [A Study on the Theory of the Classification and Evaluation of the Doctrines and Scriptures through Won Hyo's Reconciling Disputes Thought in Buddhism], A Doctoral Thesis, Dongguk University, Korea.
KIMURA, Senshō (木村宣彰). 1977. 「元曉の涅槃宗要-特に淨影寺慧遠との關連」 ["A Study of the Yuan-hsiao's Nieh-p'an-tsung-yao - Referring to Hui-yuan of Ching-ying-ssu -" ], 『佛敎學セミナー』 (Buddhist Seminar), vol. 26, 47-60.
KITSUKAWA, Tomoaki (橘川智昭). 2008. 「円測新資料･完本『無量義經疏』とその思想」 ["New Material Concerning the Complete Edition of Wŏnch'uk's Wuliangyijingshu and Its Thought"], 『불교학리뷰』 (Critical Review for Buddhist Studies), vol. 4, 109-137.
KITSUKAWA, Tomoaki (橘川智昭). 2010. 「憐昭『無量義經疏』と円測『無量義經疏』」 ["Rinsho's Muryogikyosho and Wonch'uk's Wuliangyijingshu"], 『印度學佛敎學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 58(2), 659-663.
LEE, Sangmin (이상민), 2019. 「누가 경전을 지었는가? - 법상(法上, 490~580) 찬 「교적의(敎迹義)」의 경전관(觀) -」 ["Who "edited" the Sūtras? : A Perspective on the Panjiao(敎判) of the Dilun Master Fashang(490-580)"], 『禪文化硏究』 (Studies of Seon Culture), vol. 27, 79-122. 10.24956/SSC.27.3
LEE, Sangmin (이상민). 2020. 「「교적의(敎迹義)」 텍스트의 변천 연구(1) - 법상「교적의」에서 『대승의장』「중경교적의」로의 변용을 중심으로 -」 ["The Transmission of the Buddhist Thoughts: From Jiaojiyi (敎迹義) to Zhongjingjiaojiyi (衆經敎迹義)"], 『불교학연구』(Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 63, 63-92.
OKAMOTO, Ippei (岡本一平). 2017. 「淨影寺慧遠の二藏説の形成」 [*"The Formation of the Two Piṭakas theory of the Jingying Huiyuan"], 『東洋學研究所紀要』(Asian studies, Toyo University), vol. 54, 1-26.
ŌTAKE, Susumu (大竹晉). 2001. 「菩提留支の失われた三著作」 ["Bodhiruci's Three Lost Works"], 『東方學』 (Eastern Studies), vol. 102, 162-183.
TAIRA, Ryōshō (平了照). 1964. 「四祖門下憐昭記『無量義經疏』について」 [*"About the Wuliangyijing Shu recorded by Enshō, a pupil of the Fourth Patriarch]" in: 『慈覺大師研究』 (*Studies for the Great Master Jikaku), Tokyo: 天台學會(*Reseach Center for Tendai Buddhist Studies), 423-438.
SUEMITSU, Yasumasa (末光愛正). 1981. 「『大乘義章』「衆經敎迹義」に於ける淨影寺慧遠撰の問題-吉藏著書との對比-」 [*"On the authorship of the Zhongjingjiaojiyi in Dashengyizhang"], 『曹洞宗研究員研究生研究紀要』 (Journal of Sōtō Shū Research Fellows), vol. 13, 217-233.
YOSHIZU, Yoshihide (吉津宜英). 1977. 「淨影寺慧遠の敎判論」 [*"The Doctrinal Classification theory of the Jingying Huiyuan"], 『駒沢大學佛敎學部研究紀要』 (The journal of the Faculty of Buddhism of Komazawa University), vol. 35, 205-226.

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 65
No :0
Pages :57-85
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.65..202012.57

[1] P PELLIOT, Paul(1878-1945) collection, Chinese Fragments in Bibliothèque nationale de France.

[2] 『大正藏』(T) 大正新修大藏經 [Revised Buddhist canon compiled during the Taishō reign period]. Eds. TAKAKUSU, Junjirō (高楠順次郞) and WATANABE, Kaikyoku (渡邊海旭) et. al., 100 vols., Tokyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924-1935.

[3] 『卍續藏』(X) 卍新纂大日本續藏經 [Supplement Buddhist canon reedited], Eds, KAWAMURA, Koshō (河村孝照) et al., 90 vols., Tokyo: 國書刊行會(Kokushokankōkai), 1967-1989.

[4] 『無量義經疏』 사이쿄지소장 원측찬 무량의경소 [*Woncheuk's Wuliangyijing Shu in Saikyōji (西敎寺)], ed. Dongguk Univesity, Otsu: Otsu City Museum of History, 2018.

[5] 『大智度論』 T1509.

[6] 『妙法蓮華經玄義』 T1716.

[7] 『華嚴經探玄記』 T1733.

[8] 『大方廣佛華嚴經疏』 T1735.

[9] 『涅槃經宗要』 T1769.

[10] 『中觀論疏』 T1824.

[11] 『大乘義章』 T1851.

[12] 『解深密經疏』 X369.

[13] CHOI, Yeonshik (최연식). 2016. 「인도와 동아시아 불교 종파 논의의 현황과 과제」 [*"The Situation and Problems of the discussion of the Buddhist "Sect" between the India and the East Asia"], 『동아시아 종파불교』 [*Sectarian Buddhism in East Asia], Seoul: 민족사(Minjoksa), 2016, 19-44.

[14] FUJII, Kyōkō (藤井敎公). 2015. 「元曉『涅槃宗要』における引用文の檢討」 ["The Citations in Wonhyo's Yolban chong'yo"], 『印度學佛敎學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol.63(2), 811-818.

[15] FUSE, Kōgaku (布施浩岳). 1973. 『涅槃宗之硏究』 [*A Study of The Nirvāṇa School], Tokyo: 國書刊行會(Gokushokankōkai).

[16] JANG, Gyu-eon (장규언). 2014. 「제2시와 제3시 설법의 관계에 대한 원측(圓測) 인식의 특징-『해심밀경소』 티벳어역 속 신발굴자료에 대한 소개를 겸해」 ["Some Characteristics of Woncheuk's View on the Relationship Between the Second and Third Buddha-cakras in Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra ─ With Some Newly Identified Materials in Ḥphags pa dgoṅs pa zab mo ṅes par ḥgrel paḥi mdo rgya cher ḥgrel pa"], 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 40, 83-135. 10.21482/jbs.40..201409.83

[17] KIM, Joon-Hyoung (김준형). 1985. 『元曉의 敎判論硏究』 [A Study on the Theory of the Classification and Evaluation of the Doctrines and Scriptures through Won Hyo's Reconciling Disputes Thought in Buddhism], A Doctoral Thesis, Dongguk University, Korea.

[18] KIMURA, Senshō (木村宣彰). 1977. 「元曉の涅槃宗要-特に淨影寺慧遠との關連」 ["A Study of the Yuan-hsiao's Nieh-p'an-tsung-yao - Referring to Hui-yuan of Ching-ying-ssu -" ], 『佛敎學セミナー』 (Buddhist Seminar), vol. 26, 47-60.

[19] KITSUKAWA, Tomoaki (橘川智昭). 2008. 「円測新資料･完本『無量義經疏』とその思想」 ["New Material Concerning the Complete Edition of Wŏnch'uk's Wuliangyijingshu and Its Thought"], 『불교학리뷰』 (Critical Review for Buddhist Studies), vol. 4, 109-137.

[20] KITSUKAWA, Tomoaki (橘川智昭). 2010. 「憐昭『無量義經疏』と円測『無量義經疏』」 ["Rinsho's Muryogikyosho and Wonch'uk's Wuliangyijingshu"], 『印度學佛敎學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 58(2), 659-663.

[21] LEE, Sangmin (이상민), 2019. 「누가 경전을 지었는가? - 법상(法上, 490~580) 찬 「교적의(敎迹義)」의 경전관(觀) -」 ["Who "edited" the Sūtras? : A Perspective on the Panjiao(敎判) of the Dilun Master Fashang(490-580)"], 『禪文化硏究』 (Studies of Seon Culture), vol. 27, 79-122. 10.24956/SSC.27.3

[22] LEE, Sangmin (이상민). 2020. 「「교적의(敎迹義)」 텍스트의 변천 연구(1) - 법상「교적의」에서 『대승의장』「중경교적의」로의 변용을 중심으로 -」 ["The Transmission of the Buddhist Thoughts: From Jiaojiyi (敎迹義) to Zhongjingjiaojiyi (衆經敎迹義)"], 『불교학연구』(Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 63, 63-92.

[23] OKAMOTO, Ippei (岡本一平). 2017. 「淨影寺慧遠の二藏説の形成」 [*"The Formation of the Two Piṭakas theory of the Jingying Huiyuan"], 『東洋學研究所紀要』(Asian studies, Toyo University), vol. 54, 1-26.

[24] ŌTAKE, Susumu (大竹晉). 2001. 「菩提留支の失われた三著作」 ["Bodhiruci's Three Lost Works"], 『東方學』 (Eastern Studies), vol. 102, 162-183.

[25] TAIRA, Ryōshō (平了照). 1964. 「四祖門下憐昭記『無量義經疏』について」 [*"About the Wuliangyijing Shu recorded by Enshō, a pupil of the Fourth Patriarch]" in: 『慈覺大師研究』 (*Studies for the Great Master Jikaku), Tokyo: 天台學會(*Reseach Center for Tendai Buddhist Studies), 423-438.

[26] SUEMITSU, Yasumasa (末光愛正). 1981. 「『大乘義章』「衆經敎迹義」に於ける淨影寺慧遠撰の問題-吉藏著書との對比-」 [*"On the authorship of the Zhongjingjiaojiyi in Dashengyizhang"], 『曹洞宗研究員研究生研究紀要』 (Journal of Sōtō Shū Research Fellows), vol. 13, 217-233.

[27] YOSHIZU, Yoshihide (吉津宜英). 1977. 「淨影寺慧遠の敎判論」 [*"The Doctrinal Classification theory of the Jingying Huiyuan"], 『駒沢大學佛敎學部研究紀要』 (The journal of the Faculty of Buddhism of Komazawa University), vol. 35, 205-226.

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