The Comprehension of ‘Bhāva’ in P. 5.1.119 in Relation to the Taddhita (Secondary suffix) ‘-tva, -tā’ in Sanskrit Word Formation: The Function as Pravṛtti-nimitta

doi:10.21482/jbs.70..202203.59

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투고논문

The Comprehension of ‘Bhāva’ in P. 5.1.119 in Relation to the Taddhita (Secondary suffix) ‘-tva, -tā’ in Sanskrit Word Formation: The Function as Pravṛtti-nimitta 산스크리트 조어(造語) 접사 ‘-tva, -tā’에 대한 P. 5.1.119의 ‘bhāva’ 이해 - pravṛtti-nimitta로서의 기능에 관하여: 김현덕
KIM, Hyeondeog; 경북대학교 인문학술원 동서사상연구소 전임연구원

Researcher, Institute of East-West Thought, Kyungpook National University

31 March 2022. pp. 59∼80

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Abstract

This paper examines how a careful analysis of Sanskrit grammar rules can shift our perspective on translations that have been taken for granted. Specifically, this paper focuses on the well-known Sanskrit secondary suffixes (taddhita) ‘-tva, -tā,’ which are used in examples such as ‘śūnya-tā/-tvam,’ ‘brahma-tvam/-tā,’ ‘buddha-tvam/-tā,’ ‘dharma-tvam/-tā,’ and ‘deva-tvam/-tā.’ These suffixes are conventionally translated as ‘-ness,’ ‘-hood,’ or ‘-nature.’ Of course, these translations are not entirely wrong. However, it is doubtful whether the original (or correct) understanding is possible if we aim to understand the derivatives of these affixes with our own linguistic sense of ‘-ness,’ ‘-hood,’ and ‘-nature.’ Cross-linguistic translation and comprehension are challenging, especially for ancient languages such as Sanskrit and Chinese, which have grammatical systems vastly different from ours.
Pāṇini defined the use of these suffixes in his grammatical rule (P. 5.1.119) in the Aṣṭādhyāyī as ‘tasya bhāvas tva-talau’ (‘-tva or -tā are used to indicate the bhāva of a word’). Therefore, I consider the meaning of bhāva, which is the application condition for these suffixes, in this paper. Through this, it is clarified that this word (bhava), which is generally understood to mean ‘completed action,’ functions as a basis for using words (pravṛtti-nimitta) in the context considered in this paper. Furthermore, according to the Indian tradition of grammar, the grounds for using words for a substance (dravya) are classified into three (jāti, guṇa, kriyā) or four (jāti, guṇa, kriyā, yadṛcchā). Thus, in relation to the use of ‘-tva, -tā’—that is, in the application of the base (語基, prakṛti)— these various grounds for using words should be considered. Finally, it is argued that discussions regarding the rationale for using certain words should focus on the question of why the word was used (nimitta), not on establishing its meaning (artha).

Keywords

actions (kriyā)

bhāva

pravṛtti-nimitta

properties (guṇa)

-tā

-tva

universals (jāti)

이 논문은 그 동안 당연하여 받아들여 왔던 번역어에 대한 시각이 산스크리트 문법 규칙의 적용을 통해 어떻게 달라질 수 있는지를 살펴보려는 의도를 담고 있다. 특히 ‘śūnya-tā, brahma-tvam(-tā), buddha-tvam(-tā), deva-tvam(-tā)’ 등의 단어들에 사용된 2차 파생접사(taddhita) ‘-tva, -tā’에 관해 살펴보았다. 우리는 이들 접사가 추상명사를 만든다는 점에서, 당연히 ‘~성(性)’ 또는 ‘~라는 성질(상태)’로 번역하곤 하였다. 물론 이러한 이해가 전혀 틀린 것은 아니지만 우리들 자신이 가지는 ‘~성’이라는 언어감각으로 이들 접사의 파생어를 이해하려고 하는 태도를 견지했을 때 과연 본래의(또는 바른) 이해가 가능할지는 의심스럽다. 무릇 한 언어를 다른 언어로 옮기는 일이나 이해하는 일은 만만하지가 않다. 문법체계가 우리의 그것과는 크게 다른 산스크리트와 같은 고대어와 한역어의 경우는 말할 필요도 없을 것이다.
빠니니는 문법규칙 P. 5.1.119(tasya bhāvas tvatalau)에서 ‘-tva, -tā’접사의 도입을 규정하고 있다. 이에 본문에서는 이들 접사의 적용 조건인 ‘bhāva’의 의미를 우선 고찰하였다. 이를 통해 일반적으로 ‘완성된 행위’를 의미하는 것으로 이해되는 이 단어가, 본 논문이 고찰하는 문맥에서는 말의 사용 근거(pravṛtti-nimitta)로서 기능함을 명시하였다. 또한 인도 문법학 전통에 따르면, 실체에 대한 말의 사용 근거는 셋(jāti, guṇa, kriyā) 또는 넷(jāti, guṇa, kriyā, yadṛcchā)으로 분류된다. 결국 ‘-tva, -tā’의 사용, 즉 어기(語基, prakṛti)에의 적용과 관련해서는 이러한 다양한 적용 근거가 고려되어야 함을 살펴보았다. 그리고 이러한 적용 근거는 ‘말이 무엇을 의미하는가(artha)’라는 측면보다는 ‘무엇을 이유(nimitta)로 그러한 말이 사용되었는가’에 초점을 맞춘 것임을 주장한다.

키워드

산스크리트 조어(造語) 접사

bhāva

말의 적용 근거(pravṛtti-nimitta)

행위(kriyā)

속성(guṇa)

보편(jāti)

빠니니 문법

References

◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 ABBREVIATIONS AND PRIMARY SOURCES

A Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī. see KV.
DSG A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar by Late Mahāmahopādhyāya Kashinath Vasudev Abhyankar, M.A., Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1977.
KV Kāśikāvṛtti of Jayāditya-Vāmana, along with Commentaries Vivaraṇapañcikā-Nyāsa of Jinendrabuddhi and Padamañjarī of Haradatta Miśra, 6 vols, Ratnabharati Series 5-10, Varanasi: Ratna Publications, 1985.
MBh The Vyākaraṇa-mahābhāṣya of Patañjali, edited by F. Kielhorn, third edition, revised and furnished with additional readings, references and select critical notes by K. V. Abhyankar, 3 vols, Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, I: 1962, II: 1965, III: 1972.
Ns Jinendrabuddhi’s Nyāsa. see KV.
Nr Yāska’s Nirukta, in The Nighaṇṭu and the Nirukta, the Oldest Indian Treatise on Etymology, Philology, and Semantics, Critically Edited From Original Manuscripts and Translated for the First Time into English, with Introduction, Exegetical and Critical Notes, Three Indexes and Eight Appendices by Lakshman Sarup. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1967.
Pd Kaiyaṭa’s Pradīpa, in The Vyākaraṇamahābhāsya of Patañjali with The Commentary Bhāṣyapradīpa of Kaiyaṭa Upādhyāya and The Supercommentary Bhāṣyapradīpoddyota of Nāgeśa Bhaṭṭa, edited with notes and variants by Bhargava Sastri Bhikaji Josi, 6 vols, Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishtan, 1987-1988
Pm Haradatta’s Padamañjarī. See KV.
Vt Kātyāyana’s Vārttika. See MBh
VP Vākyapadīya of Bhartṛhari with the Commentaries Vṛtti and paddhati of Vṛṣabhadeva, Critically edited by K. A. Subramania Iyer, M.A., 4 vols, Poona: Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute, I: 1966, II: 1983, III part 1: 1963, III part 2: 1973.

◆ 이차 문헌 SECONDARY LITERATURE

HAYES, Richard P. 1983. “Jinendrabuddhi,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 103, No. 4, 709-717. 10.2307/602230
IWASAKI, Yoshiyuki (岩崎良行). 1992. 「バルトリハリの行為論ー動作名詞をめぐって」 [“Bhartṛhari on Action: Concerning Action Noun”], 『印度哲学仏教学』 (Hokkaido Journal of Indological and Buddhist Studies), vol. 7, 67-100.
KAHRS, Eivind. 2013. “Action, being and brahman,” The Journal of Hindu Studies, vol. 6, No. 3, 317-332. 10.1093/jhs/hit015
______. 2014. “Vyākaraṇa: Bhāva as the Ultimate Cagegory,” in Categorisation in Indian Philosophy: Thinking inside the Box, Jessica Frazier ed., Farnham, Surrey, England and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 11-25.
KANG, Sungyong (강성용). 2011. 『빠니니 읽기: 인도 문법전통의 이해』 [Reading Pāṇini: Introduction to Classical Indian Grammatical Tradition], Paju: 한길사 (Hangilsa).
KAWAMURA, Yūto (川村悠人). 2015. 「Aṣṭādhyāyī 5.2.94におけるasyaとasminの言明目的-matUP導入をめぐる第六格接辞と第七格接辞の意味論」 [“On the Purpose of Mentioning asya and asmin in Aṣṭādhyāyī 5.2.94”], 『インド哲学仏教学研究』 (Studies in Indian Philosophy and Buddhism), vol. 22, 227-249.
KIM, Hyeondeog (김현덕). 2014. 「파니니(Pāṇini) 문법의 형태론_단어(pada) ; 어기(語基)와 접사(pratyaya)」 [“The Morphological character of word(pada) in Aṣṭādhyāyī”], 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 42, 163-195. 10.32761/kjip.2014..42.006
OGAWA, Hideyo (小川英世). 1986. 「Kauṇḍabhaṭṭaのbhāvapratyaya論」 [“Kauṇḍabhaṭṭa on the meaning of the affix bhāvapratyaya”], 『広島大学文学部紀要』 (The Hiroshima University Studies, Faculty of Letters), vol. 45, 94-118.
______. 1988. 「BHĀVAPRADHĀNA-NIRDEŚAについて」 [“On bhāvapradhāna-nirdeśa”], 『印度學佛教學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 37. No. 1, 446(68)-443(70).
______. 1995. “An Action (kriyā) and Its Cognition: Grammarians’ Approach,” 『印度學佛教學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 44. No. 1, 490(5)-485(10). 10.4259/ibk.44.490
______. 1997. 「Mahābhāṣya ad P1.3.1研究(8)」 [“A Study of the Mahābhāṣya ad P1.3.1(8)”], 『広島大学文学部紀要』 (The Hiroshima University Studies, Faculty of Letters), vol. 57, 57-76.
______. 2006. “What is bhāva?: A Grammatical Analysis of the Term bhāva,” The Annals of the Research Project Center for the Comparative Study of Logic, vol. 3, 107-115.
PARK, Jungnok (박정록). 2008. 「인도어 접미사 -tā, -tva 등의 한역어 性에 관한 고찰 존재론적 함의의 변화를 중심으로」 [“A Study on the Chinese translation of the Sanskrit suffix -tā and -tva”], 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 25, 37-66. 10.32761/kjip.2008..25.002
TANIZAWA, Junzo (谷沢淳三). 1987a. 「BhartṛhariにおけるPravṛttinimitta」 [“Pravṛttinimitta in the Case of Bhartṛhari”], 『印度學佛教學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 35. No. 2, 980(41)-978(43).
______. 1987b. 「jātiに関する一考察-Mahābhāṣyaを中心として」 [“*Reference of jāti: With a central focus on Mahābhāṣya”], 『佛教學』 (Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 22, 45-59.
______. 1989. “yadṛcchāśabda and saṃjñā: From the point of view of proper names,” 『印度學佛教學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 37. No. 2, 1008(17)-1003(22).
______. 1995. 「Guṇavacana と指示:文法学派による哲学的考察」 [“Guṇavacana and Reference: Philosophical Remarks on the Pāniṇian Grammarians”], 『印度學佛教學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 43. No. 2, 947(106)-943(110).
______. 1996. 「tat kṛṣṇamとtasya kṛṣṇatvam」 [“tat kṛṣṇam and tasya kṛṣṇatvam”], in 『インド思想と仏教文化：今西順吉教授還暦記念論集』 (*Indian thought and Buddhist culture: 60th Birthday Memorial Collection of Junkichi Imanisi), Tokyo: 春秋社 (Shunjusha Publishing Company), 776(173)-766(183).
______. 1999. 「パーニニ文法学派の固有名論と<フレーゲのパズル>」 [“Pāniṇian Theory of Proper Names and Frege'S Puzzle”], 『人文科学論集: 人間情報学科編』 (Studies in humanities: Human sciences), vol. 33, 21-35.
______. 2004. 「kriyā, 行為, 出来事-PatañjaliとBhartṛhari」 [“Actions, Events, and Kriyās with Special Reference to Patañjali and Bhartṛhari”], 『人文科学論集: 人間情報学科編』 (Studies in humanities: Human sciences), vol. 38, 27-42.
TSUJI, Naoshirō (辻直四郎). 2003. 『サンスクリット文法』 [Sanskrit Grammar], Tokyo: 岩波書店 (Iwanami Shoten).
UNEBE, Toshiya (畝部俊也). 2015. 「言葉の使用の根拠としての「存在」: 文法家にとっての「世界認識の枠組み」としてのbhāva」 [“‘Being’ (bhāva) as Grounds for the Use of a Word (pravṛtti-nimitta): The Grammarians’ Theory of the Framework of Cognition and Categorization”], 『インド哲学仏教学研究』 (Studies in Indian Philosophy and Buddhism), vol. 22, 295-311.

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 70
No :0
Pages :59∼80
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.70..202203.59

[1] A Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī. see KV.

[2] DSG A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar by Late Mahāmahopādhyāya Kashinath Vasudev Abhyankar, M.A., Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1977.

[3] KV Kāśikāvṛtti of Jayāditya-Vāmana, along with Commentaries Vivaraṇapañcikā-Nyāsa of Jinendrabuddhi and Padamañjarī of Haradatta Miśra, 6 vols, Ratnabharati Series 5-10, Varanasi: Ratna Publications, 1985.

[4] MBh The Vyākaraṇa-mahābhāṣya of Patañjali, edited by F. Kielhorn, third edition, revised and furnished with additional readings, references and select critical notes by K. V. Abhyankar, 3 vols, Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, I: 1962, II: 1965, III: 1972.

[5] Ns Jinendrabuddhi’s Nyāsa. see KV.

[6] Nr Yāska’s Nirukta, in The Nighaṇṭu and the Nirukta, the Oldest Indian Treatise on Etymology, Philology, and Semantics, Critically Edited From Original Manuscripts and Translated for the First Time into English, with Introduction, Exegetical and Critical Notes, Three Indexes and Eight Appendices by Lakshman Sarup. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1967.

[7] Pd Kaiyaṭa’s Pradīpa, in The Vyākaraṇamahābhāsya of Patañjali with The Commentary Bhāṣyapradīpa of Kaiyaṭa Upādhyāya and The Supercommentary Bhāṣyapradīpoddyota of Nāgeśa Bhaṭṭa, edited with notes and variants by Bhargava Sastri Bhikaji Josi, 6 vols, Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishtan, 1987-1988

[8] Pm Haradatta’s Padamañjarī. See KV.

[9] Vt Kātyāyana’s Vārttika. See MBh

[10] VP Vākyapadīya of Bhartṛhari with the Commentaries Vṛtti and paddhati of Vṛṣabhadeva, Critically edited by K. A. Subramania Iyer, M.A., 4 vols, Poona: Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute, I: 1966, II: 1983, III part 1: 1963, III part 2: 1973.

[11] HAYES, Richard P. 1983. “Jinendrabuddhi,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 103, No. 4, 709-717. 10.2307/602230

[12] IWASAKI, Yoshiyuki (岩崎良行). 1992. 「バルトリハリの行為論ー動作名詞をめぐって」 [“Bhartṛhari on Action: Concerning Action Noun”], 『印度哲学仏教学』 (Hokkaido Journal of Indological and Buddhist Studies), vol. 7, 67-100.

[13] KAHRS, Eivind. 2013. “Action, being and brahman,” The Journal of Hindu Studies, vol. 6, No. 3, 317-332. 10.1093/jhs/hit015

[14] ______. 2014. “Vyākaraṇa: Bhāva as the Ultimate Cagegory,” in Categorisation in Indian Philosophy: Thinking inside the Box, Jessica Frazier ed., Farnham, Surrey, England and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 11-25.

[15] KANG, Sungyong (강성용). 2011. 『빠니니 읽기: 인도 문법전통의 이해』 [Reading Pāṇini: Introduction to Classical Indian Grammatical Tradition], Paju: 한길사 (Hangilsa).

[16] KAWAMURA, Yūto (川村悠人). 2015. 「Aṣṭādhyāyī 5.2.94におけるasyaとasminの言明目的-matUP導入をめぐる第六格接辞と第七格接辞の意味論」 [“On the Purpose of Mentioning asya and asmin in Aṣṭādhyāyī 5.2.94”], 『インド哲学仏教学研究』 (Studies in Indian Philosophy and Buddhism), vol. 22, 227-249.

[17] KIM, Hyeondeog (김현덕). 2014. 「파니니(Pāṇini) 문법의 형태론_단어(pada) ; 어기(語基)와 접사(pratyaya)」 [“The Morphological character of word(pada) in Aṣṭādhyāyī”], 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 42, 163-195. 10.32761/kjip.2014..42.006

[18] OGAWA, Hideyo (小川英世). 1986. 「Kauṇḍabhaṭṭaのbhāvapratyaya論」 [“Kauṇḍabhaṭṭa on the meaning of the affix bhāvapratyaya”], 『広島大学文学部紀要』 (The Hiroshima University Studies, Faculty of Letters), vol. 45, 94-118.

[19] ______. 1988. 「BHĀVAPRADHĀNA-NIRDEŚAについて」 [“On bhāvapradhāna-nirdeśa”], 『印度學佛教學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 37. No. 1, 446(68)-443(70).

[20] ______. 1995. “An Action (kriyā) and Its Cognition: Grammarians’ Approach,” 『印度學佛教學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 44. No. 1, 490(5)-485(10). 10.4259/ibk.44.490

[21] ______. 1997. 「Mahābhāṣya ad P1.3.1研究(8)」 [“A Study of the Mahābhāṣya ad P1.3.1(8)”], 『広島大学文学部紀要』 (The Hiroshima University Studies, Faculty of Letters), vol. 57, 57-76.

[22] ______. 2006. “What is bhāva?: A Grammatical Analysis of the Term bhāva,” The Annals of the Research Project Center for the Comparative Study of Logic, vol. 3, 107-115.

[23] PARK, Jungnok (박정록). 2008. 「인도어 접미사 -tā, -tva 등의 한역어 性에 관한 고찰 존재론적 함의의 변화를 중심으로」 [“A Study on the Chinese translation of the Sanskrit suffix -tā and -tva”], 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 25, 37-66. 10.32761/kjip.2008..25.002

[24] TANIZAWA, Junzo (谷沢淳三). 1987a. 「BhartṛhariにおけるPravṛttinimitta」 [“Pravṛttinimitta in the Case of Bhartṛhari”], 『印度學佛教學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 35. No. 2, 980(41)-978(43).

[25] ______. 1987b. 「jātiに関する一考察-Mahābhāṣyaを中心として」 [“*Reference of jāti: With a central focus on Mahābhāṣya”], 『佛教學』 (Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 22, 45-59.

[26] ______. 1989. “yadṛcchāśabda and saṃjñā: From the point of view of proper names,” 『印度學佛教學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 37. No. 2, 1008(17)-1003(22).

[27] ______. 1995. 「Guṇavacana と指示:文法学派による哲学的考察」 [“Guṇavacana and Reference: Philosophical Remarks on the Pāniṇian Grammarians”], 『印度學佛教學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 43. No. 2, 947(106)-943(110).

[28] ______. 1996. 「tat kṛṣṇamとtasya kṛṣṇatvam」 [“tat kṛṣṇam and tasya kṛṣṇatvam”], in 『インド思想と仏教文化：今西順吉教授還暦記念論集』 (*Indian thought and Buddhist culture: 60th Birthday Memorial Collection of Junkichi Imanisi), Tokyo: 春秋社 (Shunjusha Publishing Company), 776(173)-766(183).

[29] ______. 1999. 「パーニニ文法学派の固有名論と<フレーゲのパズル>」 [“Pāniṇian Theory of Proper Names and Frege'S Puzzle”], 『人文科学論集: 人間情報学科編』 (Studies in humanities: Human sciences), vol. 33, 21-35.

[30] ______. 2004. 「kriyā, 行為, 出来事-PatañjaliとBhartṛhari」 [“Actions, Events, and Kriyās with Special Reference to Patañjali and Bhartṛhari”], 『人文科学論集: 人間情報学科編』 (Studies in humanities: Human sciences), vol. 38, 27-42.

[31] TSUJI, Naoshirō (辻直四郎). 2003. 『サンスクリット文法』 [Sanskrit Grammar], Tokyo: 岩波書店 (Iwanami Shoten).

[32] UNEBE, Toshiya (畝部俊也). 2015. 「言葉の使用の根拠としての「存在」: 文法家にとっての「世界認識の枠組み」としてのbhāva」 [“‘Being’ (bhāva) as Grounds for the Use of a Word (pravṛtti-nimitta): The Grammarians’ Theory of the Framework of Cognition and Categorization”], 『インド哲学仏教学研究』 (Studies in Indian Philosophy and Buddhism), vol. 22, 295-311.

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