투고논문
This paper aims to trace the textual and ideological transformations of the view on the Buddhist sacred texts from Fashang (法上)’s Jiaojiyi (敎迹義, “The Meaning of the Teachings of the Buddha”, henceforth “JY”) to Jingying Huiyuan (淨影慧遠)’s Zhongjingjiaojiyi (衆經敎迹義, “The Meaning of the Teachings of the Buddha in the various Sūtras”, henceforth “ZhJY”); both were written in late 6th Century China. The result of this research can be summarized as follows:
ZhJY is established under the direct influence of the JY. While the text of ZhJY provides more elaborate sentences which were refined from JY, the main argument of JY seems to be distorted through the revision.
ZhJY inserted new but false information that JY did not consider. It resulted in a distortion of the historical facts reflected in JY. In addition, JY claims that there is no difference between Buddhist Sūtras since they are all derived from the Buddha himself, but in the process of recounting these contents, ZhJY claims that the teachings conveyed by all scriptures are different. As a result, ZhJY has become a less consistent and incomplete work compared to JY.
Incidentally, it was ZhJY that had had a more powerful impact on later Buddhists of East Asia in spite of its structural imperfection. Therefore, the Buddhist monks in the Tang Dynasty have come to encounter and criticize the thoughts of their former generation through the ZhJY which cannot be assessed as an accurate description of the tradition.
본고는 법상(法上, 490-580) 찬 ｢교적의(敎迹義)｣와 이를 저본으로 작성된 『대승의장(大乘義章)』 ｢중경교적의(衆經敎迹義)｣의 텍스트 비교 연구이다. 고찰 내용은 다음과 같다.
1) ｢중경교적의｣는 법상｢교적의｣의 문구를 답습하면서도 세세한 수정을 가하였다. 그 수정은 법상｢교적의｣의 내용을 진전시키려는 의도를 지니고 있었으나 결과적으로 법상｢교적의｣가 세밀하게 고안하였던 의도들을 훼손시키는 논의들이 나타나게 되었다. 그러한 개변에는 법상｢교적의｣의 내용을 진전시키려는 의도를 지니고 있었으나 결과적으로 법상｢교적의｣가 세밀하게 고안하였던 의도들을 훼손시키는 내용들이 나타나게 되었다.
2) 법상｢교적의｣는 “어떤 이의 설(一云)”로서 돈점 5시7계교와 일음교를 제시하였으나, ｢중경교적의｣에서는 돈점 5시7계교를 남조 논사 유규의 설로, 일음교를 지론학파의 종조였던 보리유지의 설로 명기하였다. 그러나 본고는 돈점 5시7계교가 유규의 설이 아닌 지론학파 성립 이전 북조에서 유행한 설이라는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 보리유지는 일음교 뿐 아니라 반만교를 설하였지만 ｢중경교적의｣는 마치 일음교만이 보리유지의 설이고 반만교는 자설(自說)인 것처럼 서술하였다. 이는 ｢중경교적의｣가 법상｢교적의｣의 텍스트를 수정하는 과정에서 사실에 맞지 않은 오해 내지는 왜곡을 담게 되었음을 의미한다.
3) ｢중경교적의｣는 대승경전이 모두 궁극적인 교설을 담고 있다는 법상｢교적의｣의 입장을 따라가면서도 문장의 가필이나 수정 과정에서 본래 지니고 있었던 텍스트의 정합성을 훼손시켰다. 전거가 명확하지 않은 경전의 설시(說時)를 추가하였고, 법상｢교적의｣의 텍스트를 변형하여 ‘각 경전에 종취의 구분이 있다’는 설로 개정하는 과정에서 경전에 대한 보편적인 이해와는 다른 해석을 제시하였기 때문이다.
결국 ｢중경교적의｣의 내용은 법상｢교적의｣가 본래 지니고 있었던 문헌적, 사상적 통일성을 훼손시킨 불완전한 문헌이 되었다. 그러나 후대의 사상적 영향력은 ｢중경교적의｣가 압도적이었고, 후대의 논사들은 ｢중경교적의｣를 통해서 남북조시대의 경전관을 이해하게 된다.
- P PELLIOT, Paul(1878-1945) collection, Chinese Fragments in Bibliothèque nationale de France.
- 大正藏 Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新修大藏經 [Revised Buddhist canon compiled during the Taishō reign period]. Eds. TAKAKUSU, Junjirō (高楠順次郞) and WATANABE, Kaikyoku (渡邊海旭) et. al., 100 vols., Tokyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924–1935.
- Miaofalianhua jing 妙法蓮華經 (Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra), 7 fasc., trans. by Kumārajīva (鳩摩羅什, 344-413) in 大正蔵 vol. 9, no. 262.
- Jingangxian lun 金剛仙論 [*A commentary of Vajrasena on the Vajracchedikāprajñāpāramitopadeśa], 10 fasc., trans. by Bodhiruci (菩提流支, ?-508-535-?) in 大正蔵 vol. 25, no. 1512.
- Xu gaosengchuan 續高僧傳 [*The Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks], 30 fasc., by Daoxuan (道宣, 596-667) in 大正蔵 vol.5 0, no. 2060.
- Chusanzangjiji 出三藏記集 [*The Compilation of Notes on the Translation of the Tripiṭaka], 15 fasc., ed. by Sengyou (僧祐, 445-518) in 大正蔵 vol. 55, no. 2034.
- Miaofalianhua jing xuanyi 妙法蓮華經玄義 [*The Profound Meaning of the Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra] 20 fasc., writ. Zhiyi (智顗, 538-597) ed. Guanding (灌頂, 561-632) in 大正蔵 vol. 33, no. 1716.
- Dashengyizhang 大乘義章 [*The Compendium of the Mahāyāna doctrines], 26 fasc., writ. Jingying Huiyuan (淨影慧遠, 523-592) in 大正蔵 vol. 44, no. 1851.
- Zhenyuan xinding shijiaomulu 貞元新定釋教目錄 [*Catalogue of the Buddhist Teachings Newly Compiled during the Zhenyuan period], 30 fasc., ed. Yuanzhao (圓照, approx. 8th C.E.) in 大正藏 vol. 55, no. 2157.
- ENDŌ, Yūsuke (遠藤祐介). 2015. ｢六朝期における頓悟説の展開 : 劉虬と蕭衍の頓悟説｣ [Development of Sudden Enlightenment in the Liuchao Period : Sudden Enlightenment by Liuqiu and Xiaoyan], 『武蔵野大学仏教文化研究所紀要』 (Journal of Institute of Buddhist Culture, Musashino University) vol. 31, 1-17.
- FENG, Huanzhen (馮煥珍). 2003. ｢淨影寺慧遠判教觀的再考察｣ [*The Reexamination of the Jingying Huiyuan’s view on the Classification of Doctrines], 『佛學研究中心學報』 (Journal of the Center for Buddhist Studies), 2003 8th, 73-102.
- FUSE, Kogaku (布施浩岳). 1973. 『涅槃宗の研究』 [*A Study on the Nirvana School] Tokyo: 国書刊行会 (Kokushokankōkai).
- GEUMGANG Center for Buddhist Sutudies ed. 2012. 『藏外地論宗文獻集成』 [*The Collected Works of the Dilun School from the Dunhuang Fragments], Seoul: CIR.
- HA, Eu-Gene (하유진). 2014. ｢남조(南朝)의 교판(敎判)사상 - 열반학(涅槃學)의 교판론을 중심으로 -｣ [The Classification of Doctrine during the Period of the Southern Courts], 『철학논집』 (Seogang Journal of Philosophy), vol. 39, 183-210.10.17325/sgjp.2014.39..183
- LEE, Sangmin (이상민). 2019. ｢누가 경전을 지었는가? - 법상(法上, 490~580) 찬 ｢교적의(敎迹義)｣의 경전관(觀) -｣ [Who “edited” the Sūtras? : A Perspective on the Pan-jiao(敎判) of the Dilun Master Fashang(490-580)], 『禪文化硏究』 (Studies of Seon Culture) vol. 27, 79-122.10.24956/SSC.27.3
- LIU, Ming-wood (廖明活). 1993. ｢淨影寺慧遠的判敎學說｣ [*The Dotrinal Classification of the Jingying Huiyuan], 『中華佛學學報』 (The Journal of Chinese Buddhist Studies) 1993 6th, 219-235.
- OKAMOTO, Ippei (岡本一平). 2010. ｢浄影寺慧遠の著作の前後關係に關する試論｣ [*An Essay on the Writing Order of the Jingying Huiyan] in 『地論思想の形成と変容』 (*The Formation and Transformation of the Dilun Thoughts), Tokyo: 国書刊行会 (Kokushokankōkai), 162-183.
- . 2017. ｢浄影寺慧遠における初期の識論｣ [On Jingying Huiyuan’s Early Theory of Consciousness] in 『地論宗の研究』 (*The Study of the Dilun School), Tokyo: 国書刊行会 (Kokushokankōkai), 529-585.
- . 2017. ｢淨影寺慧遠の二蔵説の形成｣ [*The Formation of the Two Piṭakas theory of the Jingying Huiyauan], 『東洋学研究所紀要』 (Asian studies, Toyo University), vol. 54, 1-26.
- ŌTAKE, Susumu (大竹晉). 2001. ｢菩提留支の失われた三著作｣ [Bodhiruci’s Three Lost Works], 『東方学』 (Eastern Studies), vol. 102, 162-183.
- . 2017. ｢地論宗の煩惱說｣ [A Brief Account of the Afflictions According to the dilun School] in 『地論宗の研究』 (*The Study of the Dilun School), Tokyo: 国書刊行会 (Kokushokankōkai), 137-190.
- SAKAMOTO, Kohaku (坂本廣博). 1987. ｢化法四教と二藏教判｣ [On the Doctrinal Classification Systems of the T'ien-t'ai and Ti-lun Schools], 『印度學佛教學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 36, no. 1, 94-100.10.4259/ibk.36.94
- TSUKAMOTO, Zenryū (塚本善隆). 1974. 『塚本善隆著作集』 [*The Collected Works of Tsukamoto Zenryū], vol.2, Tokyo: 大同出版社 (Daidōshuppansha).
- YASUMAYA, Suemitsu (末光愛正). 1981. ｢『大乘義章』｢衆經敎迹義｣に於ける淨影寺慧遠撰の問題―吉藏著書との對比―｣ [*On the authorship of the Zhongjingjiaojiyi in Dashengyizhang], 『曹洞宗研究員研究生研究紀要』 (Journal of Soto Shu Research Fellows), vol. 13, 217-233.10.1177/096032718101300407
- YOSHIZU, Yoshihide (吉津宜英). 1977. ｢淨影寺慧遠の敎判論｣ [*The Doctrinal Classification theory of the Jingying Huiyu], 『駒沢大学仏敎学部研究紀要』 (vThe journal of the Faculty of Buddhism of Komazawa University), vol. 35, 205-226.
◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 ABBREVIATIONS AND PRIMARY SOURCES
◆ 이차 문헌 SECONDARY LITERATURE
- Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
- Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
- Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
- Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
- Volume : 63
- No :0
- Pages :63∼92
- DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.63..202006.63
Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
