All Issue

2022 Vol.72 Preview Page

투고논문

Entering the Ocean of Nirvāṇa: Tsong kha pa’s Criticism of the Chinese Monk Hwa shang in the Lam Rim Chen Mo

열반의 바다에 들어가기: 『람림첸모』에서 쫑카빠의 하샹 비판

유지원

YU, Jiwon

동국대학교 WISE캠퍼스 불교학과 박사과정
Ph.D Candidate, Dept. of Buddhist Studies
30 September 2022. pp. 61∼87
PDF Citation
Abstract
This article analyzes Tsong kha pa’s criticism of a Chan master, called “the Chinese mkhan po Hwa shang” (rGya nag gi mkhan po Hwa shang, fl. second half of the 8th c.), which was described in the Lam Rim Chen Mo (hereafter LRChM) written at Rwa sgreng in 1402. Herein, I point out that the meaning of mu stegs pa in the LRChM is not merely ‘non-Buddhist adherents.’ Rather, it describes ‘a person who has no right view of selflessness.’ The word ‘someone’ in the third Bhāvanākrama by Kamalaśīla (ca. 740-795) corresponds to “Hwa shang, the one who erroneously conceptualizes” (phyin ci log tu rtog pa) in the LRChM. Drawing upon the LRChM’s presentation of the issue, this present study synthesizes Tsong kha pa’s three principal critiques of Hwa shang as mu stegs pa: his rejection of (1) virtuous conduct; (2) attention (yid la byed pa, manaskāra); and (3) the meditation of analytical investigation (so sor rtog pa, pratyavekṣaṇa). As a counterargument against Hwa shang and other figures who articulated opposing viewpoints, Tsong kha pa defines the concepts of emptiness, conceptuality, virtuous conduct, and discriminating insight (so sor rtog pa'i shes rab, pratisamkhyāprajñā) cited from (1) the early Yogācāra literature; (2) the Ratnagotravibhāga, the treatises on the Tathāgatagarbha theory; and (3) the Bhāvanākrama, the literature that presents the stages of meditation and various Mahāyāna sūtras. Therefore, this article contributes to an in-depth understanding of the practice system of LRChM, which involves progressive training according to an individual’s abilities. In addition, this study suggests that the claims symbolized by “the tradition of Hwa shang” (hwa shang gi lugs) played an essential role as a tool to correct wrong views as a ‘platform for entering the ocean of nirvāṇa’ at that time.
Keywords
Lam rim chen mo
Tsong kha pa
Wrong view (log lta)
Forder (mu stegs pa)
Hwa shang (和尙)
티벳의 8세기 후반 쌈얘 논쟁(bSam yas rtsod pa) 이후 겔룩(dGe lugs)의 개조인 쫑카빠 롭상닥빠(Tsong kha pa Blo bzang grags pa, 1357-1419)는 1402년 라뎅(Rwa sgreng)에서 저술한 『람림첸모』(Lam rim chen mo, 『보리도차제광론』(菩提道次第廣論))에서 하샹(Hwa shang, 和尙 摩訶衍, 8세기 후반 활동)을 “phyin ci log tu rtog pa”(전도되게 분별하는 자)로서 지목하며 강력히 비판한다.
쫑카빠는 하샹을 비롯한 외도(mu stegs pa)의 견해에 대응해 공성, 분별, 지혜와 방편 개념을 『십지경』(十地經, Daśabhūmikasūtra, Sa bcu pa'i mdo), 『해심밀경』(解深密經, Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra, mDo sde dgongs 'grel), 『보살지』(菩薩地, Bodhisattvabhūmi, Byang chub sems dpa'i sa)등 인도 유식학파의 초기 문헌과 『수습차제』(修習次第, Bhāvanākrama, sGom pa'i rim pa)와 같은 수행 지침서, 『보성론』(寶性論, Ratnagotravibhāga, dKon mchog gi rigs rnam par dbye ba)등 여래장 계열의 논서와 대승 경전의 핵심 관련 구절에 따라 정의한다.
이 논문은 하샹의 교설로 상징된 당시 외도의 주장을 분석해 『람림첸모』의 근기에 따른 단계별 수습체계를 보다 면밀하게 이해하고, 하샹 전통으로 상징되는 주장이 잘못된 견해를 바로잡기 위한 도구로써 활용된다는 관점을 논증한다.
키워드
『람림첸모』(Lam rim chen mo)
쫑카빠(Tsong kha pa)
전도된 견해(log lta)
외도(mu stegs pa)
하샹(Hwa shang)
References

    ◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 ABBREVIATIONS AND PRIMARY SOURCES

     

  1. B   大藏經補編 [The Supplement to the Buddhist canon], ed. LAN, Jifu (藍吉富), 36 vols., Taipei: 華宇出版社 (Huayu Chubanshe), 1985.

    2. Bhāvanākrama [Q: Peking/Beijing; D: sDe dge]

    brDa bkrol

    brDa bkrol nyer mkho bsdus pa

  2. A kyA Yongs 'dzin blo bzang don grub, Byang chub lam gyi rim pa chen po las byung ba'i brda bkrol nyer mkho bsdus pa. Collected Works, sKu 'bum xylograph, 2 vols., vol. 1: 1-49b, 80-176.
  3. ca.   circa
  4. D   The Tibetan Tripitaka, Taipei Edition (= sDe dge), ed. BARBER, Anthony W., 72 vols., Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc., 1991.
  5. fl.   floruit
  6. h.   honorific

    7. Kyt

  7. Tsultrim Kelsang Khangkar, 『rJe tsong kha pa'i lam rim chen mo'i lung khungs gsal byed nyi ma: 尊者ツォンカパの 『菩提道次第大論』』 [The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (Lam Rim Chen Mo) by Tsong-kha-pa], 2 vols., Kyoto: 西藏佛敎文化協會 (Tibetan Buddhist Culture Association), 2001, 2004.

    8. LRChM

    [Q: Peking/Beijing]

  8. Tsong kha pa Blo bzang grags pa, sKyes bu gsum gyis nyams su blang ba'i rim pa thams cad tshang bar ston pa'i byang chub lam gyi rim pa, ed. SUZUKI, Daisetsu Teitarō, vol. 152, Tokyo & Kyoto: Tibetan Tripitaka Research Institute, 1961.

    9. [bKra: bKra shis lhun po]

  9. mNyam med tsong kha pa chen pos byang chub lam rim che ba. bKra shis lhun po xylograph, 27 vols., vols. 19-20, New Delhi: Ngawang Gelek Demo, 1975.

    10. [Bla: Bla brang]

  10. mNyam med tsong kha pa chen pos byang chub lam rim che ba. Bla brang bkra shis 'khyil xylograph, 18 vols., vol. 13, ca. 20th.

    11. [Bya: Bya khyung]

  11. Byang chub lam rim che ba. Bya khyung xylograph, ed. Shar gdong Blo bzang bshad grub rgya mtsho. Zi ling: mTsho sngon mi rigs dpe skrun khang, 1985.

    12. [sDe: sDe dge]

  12. mNyam mad [read: med] tsong kha pa chen pos byang chub lam rim che ba. sDe dge xylograph, 19 vols., vol. 13, ca. 19-20th.

    13. [sKu: sKu 'bum]

  13. mNyam med tsong kha pa chen pos byang chub lam rim che ba. sKu 'bum xylograph, 19 vols., vol. 13, ca. 21th.

    14. [Zh: lHasa Zhol]

  14. mNyam med tsong kha pa chen pos byang chub lam rim che ba. Collected Works, lHasa Zhol xylograph, Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, 18 vols., vol. 13, 33-1077, 1981.

    15. Lam rim mchan bzhi

    [bla]

  15. mNyam med rje btsun tsong kha pa chen pos mdzad pa'i byang chub lam rim chen mo'i dka' ba'i gnad rnams mchan bu bzhi'i sgo nas legs par bshad pa theg chen lam gyi gsal sgron. Bla brang bkra shis 'khyil xylograph, 2 vols. (Nga, Ca), Bla brang: Bla brang bkra shis 'khyil par khang, 1807.
  16. P   PELLIOT, Paul(1878-1945) collection, Chinese Fragments in Bibliothèque nationale de France.
  17. PT   Pelliot tibétain
  18. PC   Pelliot chinois
  19. Q   The Tibetan  Tripitaka, Peking Edition, ed. SUZUKI, Daisetsu Teitarō, 168 vols., Tokyo & Kyoto: Tibetan Tripitaka Research Institute, 1955-1961.
  20. r.   reigned
  21. sic.   sic erat scriptum

    22. ThGS [sDe dge]

  22. Sa skya paṇḍita Kun dga' rgyal mtshan, Thub pa'i dgongs pa rab tu gsal ba. Sa skya pa'i bka' 'bum, sDe dge xylograph, 15 vols., vol. 5, 1736.
  23. T   大正新脩大藏經 [Revised Buddhist Canon compiled during the Taishō reign period]. Eds. TAKAKUSU, Junjirō (高楠 順次郞) and Kaikyoku WATANABE (渡邊 海旭) et. al., 100 vols., Tokyo: 大正一切経刊行会 (Taishō Issaikyō Kankōkai), 1924-1935.
  24. YBS   Index to the Yogācārabhūmi (Chinese-Sanskrit-Tibetan). YOKOYAMA, Koitsu (横山 紘一) and Takayuki HIROSAWA (廣澤 隆之), Tokyo: Sankibo Busshorin Publishing, 1996.
  25. 『菩提道次第廣論』   B0067
  26. 『頓悟大乘政理決』   B0195

    27.  

    ◆ 이차 문헌 SECONDARY LITERATURE

     

  27. AHN, Sungdoo (안성두). 2003. 「삼예사의 논쟁: 돈점론의 티베트 불교적 전개」 [*“The Debate of bSam yas: Development of the Sudden-Gradual Theory in Tibetan Buddhism”], 『불교평론』 (The Buddhist Review), vol. 14, 399-417.
  28. ARY, Elijah S. 2015. Authorized Lives: Biography and the Early Formation of Geluk Identity, Boston: Wisdom Publications (Studies in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism 18).
  29. DEMIÉVILLE, Paul (폴 드미에빌), BAE, Jaehyeong, Sangyeob CHA and Seongcheol KIM tr. (배재형, 차상엽, 김성철 공역). 2017. 『라싸 종교회의: 8세기 말 티벳불교의 돈점논쟁』 [Le Concile de Lhasa: Une Controverse sur le Quiétisme Entre Bouddhistes de l'Inde et de la Chine au VIII e siècle de l'ère Chrétienne, ed. Bibliothèque de l'Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises, vol. VII, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale de France, 1952], Seoul: 씨아이알 (CIR)
  30. BIALEK, Joanna. 2020. “Towards a standardisation of Tibetan transliteration for textual studies,” Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, no. 56, 70-88.
  31. BRAARVIG, Jens, Paul HARRISON, Jens-Uwe HARTMANN, Kazunobu MATSUDA, and Lore SANDER. 2006. Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection: Buddhist Manuscripts, vol. III, Oslo: Hermes Publishing.
  32. BRETFELD, Sven. 2004. “The ‘Great Debate’ of bSam yas: Construction and Deconstruction of a Tibetan Buddhist Myth,” Asiatische Studien, vol. LVIII/1, 15-56.
  33. CHA, Sangyeob (차상엽). 2011. 「쫑카빠(Tsong kha pa)의 삼매에 대한 소고」 [“A Study on the Concept of Meditative Concentration in Tsong Kha Pa: Focused on the Lam rim chen mo”], 『불교와 사회』 (The Journal of Buddhism and Society), vol. 3, 211-232. 10.33521/jbs.2011.3.0.211
  34. . 2012. 「싸꺄빤디따(Sa skya paṇḍita)의 마하무드라(Mahāmudrā) 비판: 『붓다의 의도를 명료하게 밝힘(Thub pa'i dgongs pa rab tu gsal ba)』 「반야바라밀」장을 중심으로」 [“Sa skya paṇḍita’s Critique on the Great Seal (Mahāmudrā) : In the Chapter on the Perfection of Discriminative Understanding in the Elucidation of the Sage’s Intention (Thub pa'i dgongs pa rab tu gsal ba)”], 『보조사상』 (Journal of Bojo Jinul’s Thought), vol. 37, 395-429.
  35. . 2019. 「폴 유진 펠리오가 둔황에서 출토한 티벳어 본 PT 1과 PT 116에 대하여」 [“The Religious ritual manuals and Pelliot Tibétain 1 and 116”], 『돈황 사본과 불교학』 [*Dunhuang Manuscripts and Buddhist Studies], Seoul: 여래 (Yoerai).
  36. . 2021a. 「돈황 출토 티벳어 사본에 나타난 마하연의 선사상 재조명」 [“Revisiting the Chan Thought of Moheyan(摩訶衍) as Represented in the Tibetan Manuscripts Unearthed from Dunhuang”], 『한마음연구』 (Journal of Hanmaum Studies), vol. 7, 357-393.
  37. . 2021b. 「펠리오 티벳어 사본 116번의 사본학적 특징과 중국 선사상」 [“A Study of the Physical Features and Chinese Chan Thought of Pelliot Tibétain 116”], 『불교연구』 (Bulgyo-Yongu), vol. 55, 35-62.
  38. . 2022. 「8세기 말 인도 불교도와 禪師마하연의 논쟁과 관련한 쟁점 사항: 돈황 출토 한문 사본 『돈오대승정리결』과 티벳어 사본 PT21을 중심으로」 [“Contro versial Issues between an Indian Buddhist Monk and a Chan Master Mahāyāna at the End of the Eighth Century”], 『철학연구』 (Journal of The Society of philosophical studies), vol. 163, 227-250.
  39. DARIBAZARON, Darima E. 2016. “Ploughing Ashes vs. Ploughing a Field”: Studies of Lamrim Texts at Buddhist Monasteries,” Oriental Studies, vol. 9/4, 146-153.
  40. DEMIÉVILLE, Paul. 1987. “The Mirror of the Mind.” in Sudden and Gradual: Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, ed. Peter N. Gregory, SEAB 5. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 13-40. 10.1515/9780824890773-004
  41. FABER, Flemming. 1986. “The Council of Tibet according to the sBa bzhed,” Acta Orientalia, vol. XLVII, 33-61.
  42. GÓMEZ, Luis O. 1983. “The Direct and Gradual Approaches of Zen Master Mahayana: Fragments of the Teachings of Mo-he-yen.” in Studies in Ch’an and Hua-yen, 67-167. 10.1515/9780824840518-004
  43. HABATA, Hiromi (幅田裕美). 2015. “The City of Nirvāṇa: Conceptions of Nirvāṇa with Special Reference to the Central Asian Tradition,” The Eastern Buddhist, vol. 46/2, 61-83.
  44. ISHIKAWA, Mie (石川美惠). 1990. 『A Critical Edition of the sGra sbyor bam po gnyis pa: An Old and Basic Commentary on the Mahāvyutpatti 二巻本訳語釈』, vol. 2, Tokyo: 東洋文庫 (Toyo Bunko).
  45. JACKSON, Roger. 1982. “Sa skya paṇḍita’s Account of the bSam yas Debate: History as Polemic,” The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 5/1, 89-99.
  46. JO, Sokhyo (조석효). 2021a. 「14세기 티벳불교의 논쟁적 이슈들: 냐온 뀐가뻴 (Nya dbon Kun dga' dpal) (1285~1379)의 비판적 논의를 중심으로」 [“Polemical Issues in Fourteenth Century Tibetan Buddhism: Centering on the Critical Arguments of Nya dbon Kun dga' dpal (1285-1379)”], 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 66, 267-294.
  47. . 2021b. 「공성과 아이온의 시간: 티벳 불교 수행 해석의 한 가능성」 [“Emptiness and the Time of Aion (aἰών): An Interpretation of the Tibetan Kālacakra tantra and Rdzogs chen Practices”], 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 69, 81-111.
  48. JONES, C. V. 2021. “Translating the Tīrthika: Enduring ‘Heresy’ in Buddhist Studies.” in Translating Buddhism: Historical and Contextual Perspectives, ed. Alice Collett, New York: SUNY Press, 195-227.
  49. KIM, Sung Chul (김성철). 2001. 「Systematic Buddhology와 『보리도차제론』」 [“Systematic Buddhology and Lam rim”], 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 3, 155-179.
  50. VAN DER KUIJP, Leonard W. J. 1984. “Miscellanea to a Recent Contribution on/to the Bsam-Yas Debate,” Kailash: A Journal of Himalayan Studies, vol. XI/1-2, 149-184.
  51. . 2001. “On the Fifteenth Century Lho rong chos 'byung by Rta tshag Tshe dbang rgyal and its Importance for Tibetan Political and Religious History.” Lungta, vol. 14, 57-76.
  52. . 2010. “Faulty Transmissions: Some Notes on Tibetan Textual Criticism and the Impact of Xylography,” in Edition, éditions: l’écrit au Tibet, évolution et devenir, Anne Chayet et al eds., München: Indus, 441-463.
  53. . 2015. “May the “Original” Lam rim chen mo Please Stand up!: A Note on Its Indigenous Textual Criticism,” in The Illuminating Mirror: Tibetan Studies in Honour of Per K. Sørensen on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, Olaf Czaja and Guntram Hazod eds., Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 253-268.
  54. LALOU, Marcelle. 1939. Inventaire Des Manuscrits tibétains de Touen-houang conservés à la Bibliothèque Nationale (Fonds Pelliot tibétain, nos. 1-849, Vol. I), Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve.
  55. MATSUMOTO, Shirō (松本史朗). 1994. 『禪思想の批判的硏究』 [*Studies in the Critique of Chan Thought], Tokyo: 大蔵出版 (Daizō Shuppan).
  56. MONLAM, Losang. 2009, “The Lam-rim Monastery: A Vision for IMI and FPMT” Mandala Magazine.
  57. OBERMILLER, E. 1931. The History of Buddhism in India and Tibet, Heidelberg: O. Harrassowitz.
  58. . 1935. “A Sanskrit Ms. from Tibet—Kamalaśīla’s Bhāvanā-krama,” The Journal of the Greater India Society, vol. II, 1-11.
  59. RICHARDSON, Hugh E. 1998. “Political Rivalry and the Great Debate at Bsam-yas,” in High Peaks, Pure Earth: Collected Writings on Tibetan History and Culture,  ed. Michael Aris, London: Serindia Publications, 203-206.
  60. RUEGG, David Seyfort. 1989. Buddha-nature, Mind and the Problem of Gradualism in a Comparative Perspective: On the Transmission and Reception of Buddhism in India and Tibet, London: School of Oriental and African Studies.
  61. . 1992. “On the Tibetan Historiography and Doxography of the ‘Great Debate of bSam yas’,” Ihara Shōren and Yamaguchi Zuihō eds., Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the 5th Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies. Narita, 1989, vol. 1: Buddhist Philosophy and Literature, Narita: Naritasan Shinshoji, 237-244.
  62. SATORU, Harada (原田覺). 1977. 「敦煌蔵文資料に於ける宗義系の論書 (1)」 [“The Philosophy of Mahayana Buddhism Based on the Tibetan Manuscripts from Tun-Huang”], 『印度學佛教學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 26/1, 463-467. 10.4259/ibk.26.467
  63. VAN SCHAIK, Sam. 2003. “The Great Perfection and the Chinese Monk: rNying-ma-pa defences of Hwa-shang Mahāyāna in the Eighteenth Century,” Buddhist Studies Review, vol. 20/2, 189-204. 10.1558/bsrv.v20i2.14276
  64. . 2014. The Tibetan Chan Manuscripts: A Complete Descriptive Catalogue of Tibetan Chan Texts in the Dunhuang Manuscript Collections, Indiana: Sinor Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies Indiana University.
  65. . 2015. Tibetan Zen: Discovering a Lost Tradition. Boston & London: Snow Lion.
  66. . 2016. “Manuscripts and Practices: Investigating the Tibetan Chan Compendium (P. Tib. 116),” in One-Volume Libraries: Composite and Multiple-Text Manuscripts, Michael Friedrich and Cosima Schwarke eds., Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter, 287-304.
  67. SHEN, Weirong. 2021. “An Invented Tradition: Hva shang Mahāyāna and His Teachings in Tibetan Literature,” in Sino-Tibetan Buddhism across the Ages, Ester Bianchi and Weirong Shen eds., Leiden & Boston: Brill, 21-66. 10.1163/9789004468375_003
  68. STEIN, R. A. 1987. “Sudden Illumination or Simultaneous Comprehension: Remarks on Chinese and Tibetan Terminology,” in Sudden and Gradual: Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, ed. Peter N. Gregory, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press (Buddhist Tradition Series 16), 41-65. 10.1515/9780824890773-005 3453283
  69. TENZIN, Namkha et al. 2010. 『티벳어 한글 표기안』 [*Korean Orthography of Tibetan]. Gyeongju: 티벳장경연구소 (The Research Center for Tibetan Buddhist Canon).
  70. TUCCI, Giuseppe. 1958. Minor Buddhist Texts, Part II: First Bhāvanākrama of Kamalaśīla, Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts with Introduction and English Summary, Roma: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
  71. WANGDU, P. and Diemberger, H. 2000. dBa' bzhed: The Royal Narrative concerning the bringing of the Buddha’s Doctrine to Tibet, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  72. WOO, Jeson (우제선). 2003. 「修習과 證知: 까말라쉴라의 觀點」 [“Yogipratyakṣa in the Tattvasaṅgrahapañjikā”], 『보조사상』 (Journal of Bojo Jinul’s Thought), vol. 20, 89-107.
  73. ZHANG, Linghui. 2016. “The Wholesome Streams (dGe ba'i chu rgyun): Tshe dbang nor bu’s Treatment of the Chinese Monk’s Simultaneist Approach to Awakening,” Revue d'Etudes Tibétaines, no. 37, 592-610.
  74. ZONGFENG (宗峰) and YUANZONG (緣宗) tr. 2014. 『菩提道次第廣論四家合注』 [*The Annotations of Lam rim chen mo by Four Prominent Scholars], 2 vols., Beijing: 中国社会科学出版社 (Zhōngguó Shèhuì Kēxué Chūbǎnshè).
Information
  • Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
  • Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
  • Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
  • Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
  • Volume : 72
  • No :0
  • Pages :61∼87
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.72..20229.61
Journal Informaiton Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
E-Book
Online Submission
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • NRF_영문_불교학연구
  • KCI 문헌 유사도 검사_영문_불교학연구
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
  • Re-KABS
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close