원효의 상위비량을 통한 법상유식 무성론 비판 연구
－규기의 무성유정 인명논증을 중심으로－

doi:10.21482/jbs.84..202509.87

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특집논문

원효의 상위비량을 통한 법상유식 무성론 비판 연구 －규기의 무성유정 인명논증을 중심으로－ Wonhyo’s Critique of the Faxiang-Yogācāra Theory of No Buddha-nature through Contradictory Inference: A Focus on Kuiji’s Hetuvidyā Argument for Sentient Beings without Buddha-nature: 김태수
KIM, Tae-Soo; 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 연구교수

Research Professor, Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies, Seoul National University

30 September 2025. pp. 87∼112

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Abstract

This paper examines Wonhyo (元曉, 617–686)’s Buddha-nature theory through a comparative analysis with the Faxiang–Yogācāra school’s dualism of consciousness (識) and principle (理), along with its doctrine of sentient beings without Buddha-nature. Particular attention is devoted to Wonhyo’s methodological approach of criticizing opponents’ errors through contradictory inference (相違比量) and other logical methods, thereby exposing the fallacies inherent in the Faxiang–Yogācāra school’s theory of five distinct natures and its denial of Buddha-nature. The study analyzes Kuiji (窺基, 632–682)’s logical proof for the existence of sentient beings without Buddha-nature, as presented in his Essential Commentary on the Discourse on the Theory of Consciousness-Only. From the perspectives of Dignāga’s three characteristics of reason (trairūpya) and classical logic, it reconstructs Wonhyo’s critical strategy against Kuiji’s argument. Following Wonhyo’s approach of exposing logical errors that arise when one becomes fixated on either the existence or non-existence of Buddha-nature, this paper investigates the argumentative structures of both positions. Focusing in particular on sections 10 and 13 of the Critique of Inference, Wonhyo the paper analyzes the Faxiang–Yogācāra school’s doctrine of five distinct natures (五性各別說), the issue of icchantika (一闡提), and Wonhyo’s harmonizing interpretation of these problems. By demonstrating the limitations of Kuiji’s argument through the fallacy of contradictory reason with qualifications of the subject (有法差別相違因), which produces contradictory conclusions from the same premise, this study illuminates the logical foundation and philosophical character of Wonhyo’s “neither-being-nor-non-being” theory of Buddha-nature. Grounded in the doctrine of One Mind, this theory harmonizes the positions of Buddha-nature existence and non-existence.

Keywords

Wonhyo

Buddha-nature theory

Faxiang-Yogācāra

theory of no Buddha-nature

doctrine of five distinct natures (pañcagotra)

contradictory inference

Kuiji

본 논문은 원효(元曉, 617-686)의 불성론을 법상유식학파의 식(識)과 리(理)의 이원론 및 무성중생설과 비교·고찰한다. 특히 원효가 상위비량(相違比量) 등을 통해 상대방의 오류를 비판하는 방법론적 특성에 주목하여, 법상유식학파의 오성각별설과 무성론이 지닌 논리적 오류를 규명한다. 본 연구는 규기(窺基, 632-682)가 『성유식론장중추요』에서 제시한 무성중생 존재 증명의 인명논식을 디그나가의 인(因)의 삼상(三相)과 고전논리학의 관점에서 분석하고, 이에 대한 원효의 비판 전략을 재구성한다. 원효는 『판비량론』 제13절 오성각별설 논의에서 유성론의 추론식에서도 부정인의 오류를 지적하며, 불성을 ‘유’나 ‘무’로 단정하는 양극단의 한계를 드러내고 비유비무 중도의 관점으로 나아가는 전략을 제시한다. 이에 따라 본 논문은 유성·무성 중 한 가지 입장에 고착할 때 발생하는 논리적 문제를 드러내는 원효의 전략에 따라 양측의 논증 구조를 검토한다. 특히 『판비량론』 제10절과 제13절의 논의를 중심으로, 법상유식학파의 오성각별설(五性各別說)과 일천제(一闡提) 문제, 그리고 이에 대한 원효의 비판과 회통적 해석을 분석한다. 아울러 『무량수경종요』와 『십문화쟁론』 <불성유무문>에 나타난 원효의 유성론적 입장과 유성·무성 양측의 오류를 객관적으로 드러내는 태도를 함께 고려하여, 원효의 불성론이 비판과 회통을 아우르는 종합적 전략임을 밝힌다. 결론적으로, 본 논문은 원효가 동일한 인(因)으로 상반된 결론을 도출하는 규기의 유법차별상위인(有法差別相違因)의 오류를 드러내는 동시에, 일심 사상에 기반하여 유성과 무성을 회통하는 비유비무 불성론의 논리적 토대와 사상적 특징을 규명한다.

키워드

원효

불성론

법상유식

무성론

오성각별설

상위비량

규기

References

◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 Abbreviations and Primary Sources

T Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新修大藏經, ed. by TAKAKUSU Junjirō 高楠順次郞 and WATANABE Kaikyoku 渡邊海旭, 100 vols. Tokyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924-1935.
HB Hankook Bulgyo Jeonseo 韓國佛敎全書, ed. by 韓國佛敎全書編纂委員會, 13 vols. Seoul: Dongguk University Press 東國大學校出版部, 1979-1995.

『究竟一乘寶性論』 T1611 (31).
『大般涅槃經』 T374 (12).
『大方廣佛華嚴經』 T278 (10).
『大乘起信論同異略集』 HB3.
『大乘莊嚴經論』 T201 (31).
『佛地經論』 T1530 (26).
『釋華嚴敎分記圓通抄』 HB4.
『成唯識論』 T1585 (31).
『成唯識論掌中樞要』 T1830 (43).
『十門和諍論』 HB1.
『涅槃宗要』 HB1.
『瑜伽師地論』 T1579 (30).
『因明入正理論』 T1630 (32).
『因明正理門論』 T1628 (32).
『入楞伽經』 T670 (16).
『判批量論』 HB1.
『解深密經』 T676 (16).

◆ 이차 문헌 Secondary Literature

LI, Yunsheng 李潤生. 2001. 『唯識因明禪偈的深層探究(上)』(A Deep Investigation of Yogācāra, Buddhist Logic, and Chan Verses) (Vol. 1), 台北: 全佛文化(Taipei: Quan Fo Culture).
KIM, Seongcheol 김성철. 2023. 「원효의 ‘일심불성’론을 둘러싼 몇 가지 문제」(Some Problems Concerning on Wonhyos Theory of Buddha Nature as One-Mind), 『佛敎學報』 (The Bulgyo hakpo), vol. 102, 253-278.10.18587/bh.2023.7.102.253
KIM, Yeongil 김영일. 2013. 「원효의 십문화쟁론 불성유무화쟁문 검토」(The Study on The Chapter on the Reconciliation of Dispute on the Buddha-nature in The Treatise on the Reconciliation of Disputes in Ten Aspects of Wonhyo), 『한국불교학』 (The Journal of the Korean Association for Buddhist Studies), vol., no. 66, 195-221.
KIM, Taesoo 김태수. 2018. 「원효의 화쟁논법 연구: 사구(四句) 논리를 중심으로」(Wonhyo’s Logic of Hwajaeng (Harmonizing the Disputes) - As Seen in Relation with Catuṣkoṭi), 서울대학교 박사학위 논문 (Ph.D. Dissertation, Seoul National University), 148-151.
KIM, Taesoo 김태수. 2024. 「『판비량론』 제10절 심식 논변 고찰: 법상종 해석에 대한 비판을 중심으로」 (An Examination of the ‘Mind and Consciousness Debate’ in Section 10 of the Critical Discussion of Inference - A Focus on Critiques of the Dharma Characteristics School’s Interpretation), 『한국불교학』 (The Journal of the Korean Association for Buddhist Studies), vol. 109, 153-182.10.22255/JKABS.109.06.
KIM, Chion 김치온. 2024. 「원효의 불성유무 화쟁과 일심과의 관계에 대한 연구」 (A Study on the Relationship between Wonhyo’s reconciliation of disputes on the Buddha-nature and One Mind), 『禪文化硏究』(Studies of Seon Culture), vol. 37, 161-185.10.24956/SSC.37.5
PARK, Taewon 박태원. 2013. 「십문화쟁론 '불성유무화쟁'의 해석학적 번역과 논지 분석」 (The hermeneutic translation and the analysis of the point of arguments of 『The reconciliation theory on the Ten opinion’s contexts (十門和諍論)』’ s recon ciliation concerning the problem of Buddha-nature(佛性)’s existence), 『철학논총』 (The Korean Journal of Philosophical Studies), vol. 72, no. 2, 87-119.
LEE, Youngmoo 李英茂. 1973. 「元曉大師著「判批量論」에 대한 考察」 (A Study on Wonhyo’s Panbirangnon), 『건대학술지』 (Konkuk University Academic Journal), vol. 15, 17-26.
CHOI, Yoojin 최유진. 1988. 「元曉의 和諍思想硏究」 (A Study on Wonhyo’s Hwajaeng Thought), 서울대학교 박사학위논문 (Ph.D. Dissertation, Seoul National University), 86-93.
LIEN, Chichao 連啟超. 2020. 「「一闡提」能不能成佛?」 (Can the Icchantika Become a Buddha?), 『第十屆台灣印度學學術研討會議程: 回顧與展望』(Proceedings of the 10th Taiwan Conference on Indology: Retrospect and Prospect), 16-17.
LIU, Mingwood 廖明活. 2005. 「理, 行兩種佛性說法的形成和演變」 (The Formation and Development of the Two Doctrines of Buddha-Nature: Principle and Practice), 『佛學研究中心學報』(Journal of the Centre for Buddhist Studies), vol. 10, 127-135.
YANG, Weichung 楊維中. 2007. 「論唯識宗佛性思想的特徵-識體理體與生佛兩界」 (On the Characteristics of Yogācāra’s Thought on Buddha-Nature: Consciousness as Essence and Principle, and the Two Realms of Ordinary Beings and Buddhas), 『宗敎學硏究』(Journal of Religious Studies), vol. 1, 72-78.

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korean Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 84
Pages :87∼112
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.84..202509.87

[1] T Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新修大藏經, ed. by TAKAKUSU Junjirō 高楠順次郞 and WATANABE Kaikyoku 渡邊海旭, 100 vols. Tokyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924-1935.

[2] HB Hankook Bulgyo Jeonseo 韓國佛敎全書, ed. by 韓國佛敎全書編纂委員會, 13 vols. Seoul: Dongguk University Press 東國大學校出版部, 1979-1995.

[3] 『究竟一乘寶性論』 T1611 (31).

[4] 『大般涅槃經』 T374 (12).

[5] 『大方廣佛華嚴經』 T278 (10).

[6] 『大乘起信論同異略集』 HB3.

[7] 『大乘莊嚴經論』 T201 (31).

[8] 『佛地經論』 T1530 (26).

[9] 『釋華嚴敎分記圓通抄』 HB4.

[10] 『成唯識論』 T1585 (31).

[11] 『成唯識論掌中樞要』 T1830 (43).

[12] 『十門和諍論』 HB1.

[13] 『涅槃宗要』 HB1.

[14] 『瑜伽師地論』 T1579 (30).

[15] 『因明入正理論』 T1630 (32).

[16] 『因明正理門論』 T1628 (32).

[17] 『入楞伽經』 T670 (16).

[18] 『判批量論』 HB1.

[19] 『解深密經』 T676 (16).

[20] LI, Yunsheng 李潤生. 2001. 『唯識因明禪偈的深層探究(上)』(A Deep Investigation of Yogācāra, Buddhist Logic, and Chan Verses) (Vol. 1), 台北: 全佛文化(Taipei: Quan Fo Culture).

[21] KIM, Seongcheol 김성철. 2023. 「원효의 ‘일심불성’론을 둘러싼 몇 가지 문제」(Some Problems Concerning on Wonhyos Theory of Buddha Nature as One-Mind), 『佛敎學報』 (The Bulgyo hakpo), vol. 102, 253-278.10.18587/bh.2023.7.102.253

[22] KIM, Yeongil 김영일. 2013. 「원효의 십문화쟁론 불성유무화쟁문 검토」(The Study on The Chapter on the Reconciliation of Dispute on the Buddha-nature in The Treatise on the Reconciliation of Disputes in Ten Aspects of Wonhyo), 『한국불교학』 (The Journal of the Korean Association for Buddhist Studies), vol., no. 66, 195-221.

[23] KIM, Taesoo 김태수. 2018. 「원효의 화쟁논법 연구: 사구(四句) 논리를 중심으로」(Wonhyo’s Logic of Hwajaeng (Harmonizing the Disputes) - As Seen in Relation with Catuṣkoṭi), 서울대학교 박사학위 논문 (Ph.D. Dissertation, Seoul National University), 148-151.

[24] KIM, Taesoo 김태수. 2024. 「『판비량론』 제10절 심식 논변 고찰: 법상종 해석에 대한 비판을 중심으로」 (An Examination of the ‘Mind and Consciousness Debate’ in Section 10 of the Critical Discussion of Inference - A Focus on Critiques of the Dharma Characteristics School’s Interpretation), 『한국불교학』 (The Journal of the Korean Association for Buddhist Studies), vol. 109, 153-182.10.22255/JKABS.109.06.

[25] KIM, Chion 김치온. 2024. 「원효의 불성유무 화쟁과 일심과의 관계에 대한 연구」 (A Study on the Relationship between Wonhyo’s reconciliation of disputes on the Buddha-nature and One Mind), 『禪文化硏究』(Studies of Seon Culture), vol. 37, 161-185.10.24956/SSC.37.5

[26] PARK, Taewon 박태원. 2013. 「십문화쟁론 '불성유무화쟁'의 해석학적 번역과 논지 분석」 (The hermeneutic translation and the analysis of the point of arguments of 『The reconciliation theory on the Ten opinion’s contexts (十門和諍論)』’ s recon ciliation concerning the problem of Buddha-nature(佛性)’s existence), 『철학논총』 (The Korean Journal of Philosophical Studies), vol. 72, no. 2, 87-119.

[27] LEE, Youngmoo 李英茂. 1973. 「元曉大師著「判批量論」에 대한 考察」 (A Study on Wonhyo’s Panbirangnon), 『건대학술지』 (Konkuk University Academic Journal), vol. 15, 17-26.

[28] CHOI, Yoojin 최유진. 1988. 「元曉의 和諍思想硏究」 (A Study on Wonhyo’s Hwajaeng Thought), 서울대학교 박사학위논문 (Ph.D. Dissertation, Seoul National University), 86-93.

[29] LIEN, Chichao 連啟超. 2020. 「「一闡提」能不能成佛?」 (Can the Icchantika Become a Buddha?), 『第十屆台灣印度學學術研討會議程: 回顧與展望』(Proceedings of the 10th Taiwan Conference on Indology: Retrospect and Prospect), 16-17.

[30] LIU, Mingwood 廖明活. 2005. 「理, 行兩種佛性說法的形成和演變」 (The Formation and Development of the Two Doctrines of Buddha-Nature: Principle and Practice), 『佛學研究中心學報』(Journal of the Centre for Buddhist Studies), vol. 10, 127-135.

[31] YANG, Weichung 楊維中. 2007. 「論唯識宗佛性思想的特徵-識體理體與生佛兩界」 (On the Characteristics of Yogācāra’s Thought on Buddha-Nature: Consciousness as Essence and Principle, and the Two Realms of Ordinary Beings and Buddhas), 『宗敎學硏究』(Journal of Religious Studies), vol. 1, 72-78.

Korean Journal of Buddhist Studies ISSN:1598-0642(Print) 불교학연구

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