Some Interpretative Problems on Dharmakīrti’s Argument Based on the Spontaneity of Destruction

doi:10.21482/jbs.64..202009.27

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초기/인도불교

Some Interpretative Problems on Dharmakīrti’s Argument Based on the Spontaneity of Destruction 다르마키르티(Dharmakīrti)의 소멸무원인론에 관한 해석상의 문제들: 강형철
Hyogchol Kang; 동국대학교 불교학부 강사

Lecturer Dongguk University

30 September 2020. pp. 27-60

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Abstract

The Buddhist Pramāṇa tradition which started by Dignāga has developed two significant arguments for the doctrine of momentariness (kṣaṇikatva/kṣaṇabhaṅga): (1) vināśitvānumāna, an argument based on the inevitable extinction of all conditioned things or based on the Spontaneity of destruction, (2) sattvānumāna, an argument based on the existence of things or based on the theory that all permanent thing is lack of ability. The former is adopted in the Pramāṇavārttika which is the first work of Dharmakīti (ca. 600-660) with influence from Vasubandhu (ca. 5C). And the latter is created by Dharmakīrti in the Pramāṇaviniścaya, and it became the main method of inference of momentariness in the logical scene of the Buddhist Pramāṇa tradition, and had also decisive impact on the late development of this inference.

This paper deals with two interpretative problems on the former inference, vināśitvānumāna which belongs to the earlier tradition. Firstly, I will examine the problem that has been debated by several researchers about legitimacy of using the term vināśitvānumāna. Second problem is about how Dharmakīrti understood and changed the argument for momentariness of Vasubandu. These two problems which include the issue of historical background play important roles in investigating the detailed influence relationship between Vasubandhu and Dharmakīrti about the inference of momentariness. Finally I will reconsider the existing theories about how Dharmakīrti introduced the inference of momentariness of Vasubandhu, with analyzing the interchange of logical causal relation between impermanency and momentariness by Dharmakīrti in the process of utilizing and improving the inference of Vasubandhu.

Keywords

Dharmakīrti

Vasubandhu

kṣanikatva

kṣaṇabhaṅga

vināśitvānumāna

디그나가로부터 시작된 불교논리학 전통은 다르마키르티 이래 찰나멸 논증(kṣaṇikatvānumāna)을 성립시키기 위한 두 가지 종류의 중요한 추론을 발전시켰다. 하나는 소멸에 근거한 추론(vināśitvānumāna), 혹은 소멸의 외부적 원인의 부재(消滅無原因)에 근거한 추론이고, 다른 하나는 사물들의 필연적 소멸을 상정하지 않는 존재에 근거한 추론(sattvānumāna)이다. 다르마키르티가 이 중에서 바수반두에 의해서 일차적으로 완성된 전자의 추론을 그의 초기 저작인 Pramāṇavārttika에 도입하고, 새롭게 후자의 추론을 창안하여 Pramāṇaviniścaya에 추가한 후, 이후의 저작들에서는 이를 찰나멸의 주요한 논증방식으로 삼았다는 것은 기존에 익히 잘 알려진 사실이다. 본 논문에서는 이와 같은 다르마키르티의 두 가지 종류의 찰나멸 논증 중에서 소멸의 외부적 원인의 부재에 근거한 추론과 관련하여 두 가지 해석상의 문제들을 논의한다. 첫 번째로 이 추론의 정의에 관한 기존 연구자들 사이에서 쟁점이 되었던 사안에 대해서 다룬다. 이는 vināśitvānumāna 라는 용어의 정당성 여부에 관한 문제이다. 두 번째로 다르마키르티가 바수반두의 찰나멸론을 이해하고 변용하는 방식과 관련된 것이다. 여기서 제기되는 두 가지 논제들은 모두 바수반두의 찰나멸론과 다르마키르티의 그것 사이의 구체적인 영향관계를 규명하는 데 중요한 역할을 하며, 역사적 배경을 고려해야 하는 내용이 포함되어 있다. 최종적으로 다르마키르티가 바수반두의 찰나멸 논증을 차용하는 방식에 대한 기존의 논의를 재고하고, 바수반두의 소멸에 근거한 추론을 활용하고 개선하는 과정에서 다르마키르티에 의해 시도된 무상과 찰나멸 사이의 논리적 인과관계의 역전에 관해서 고찰한다.

키워드

다르마키르티

바수반두

찰나멸

소멸무원인론

소멸에 근거한 추론

References

◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 ABBREVIATIONS AND PRIMARY SOURCES

AK Abhidharmakoṣa of Vasubandhu. Cf. AKBh
AKBh Abhidharmakoṣabhāṣya of Vasubandhu. ed. P. Pradhan, Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute, 1967.
AKVy Abhidharmakoṣavyākhyā of Yaśomitra, Abhidharmakoṣa & Bhāṣya of Ācārya Vasubandhu with Sphutārthā Commentary of Ācārya Yaśomitra, Part II (III and IV Kośasthāna), Critically edited by Swami Dwarikadas Shastri (Bauddha Bharati Series 6), Varanasi: Bauddha Bharati, 1971.
AS Abhidharmasamuccaya of Asaṅga. Cf. ASBh
ASBh Abhidharmasamuccayabhāṣya. ed. Nathmal Taita, Patna, 1976.
CS Carakasaṃhitā. Agnivesa's Caraka samhita: text with English translation & critical exposition based on Cakrapani Datta's Ayurvedadipika, Ram Karan Sharma and Bhagwan Dash, Varnaasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 1983.
GBh Gauḍapādabhāṣya. Manikar, T.G. Sāṃkhyakārikā of Īśvarakṛṣṇa with the commentary of Gauḍapāda-bhāṣya (2nd. ed.), Poona: Oriental Book Agency, 1972.
NBh Nyāyabhāṣya. Nyayasutra with Vatsyayana's Nyayabhasya. ed. Taranatha Nyaya-Tarkatirtha, Calcutta : Metropolitan Printing & Publ. 1936-1944.
NS Nyāyasūtra. Cf. NBh
PV I Pramāṇavārttika of Dharmakīrti, Chapter I, Cf. PVSV
PVin Pramāṇaviniścaya of Dharmakīrti, Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇaviniścaya: Chapters 1 and 2, ed. Ernst Steinkellner, Beijing: China Tibetology Publishing House, 2007.
PVSV Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛtti of Dharmakīrti, The Pramāṇavārttikam of Dharmakīrti: The First Chapter with the Autocommentary, ed. Raniero Gnoli, Roma: Instituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, 1960.
PVSVṬ Karṇakagomin’s Commentary of Pramāṇavārttikavṛtti of Dharmakīrti, ed. Rāhula Sāṅkṛtyāyana, Kyoto: Rinsen Book, 1982.
SSD Sthirasiddhidūṣaṇa of Ratnakīrti. Ratnakīrtinibandhāvaliḥ, Buddhist Nyāya Works of Ratnakīrti. ed. A. Thakur, Patna, 1975.
VN Vādanyāya of Dharmakīrti, Dharmakīrtis Vādanyāyaḥ. Teil I: Sanskrit-Text. ed. Michael Torsten Much, Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Sprachen und Kulturen Süd- und Ostasiens vol. 25, 1991.
YD Yuktidīpikā, The Most Significant Commentary on the Sāṃkhyakārikā Vol I, Edited by Alberecht Wezler and Shujun Motegi, Sūttgart: Franz Steiner Velarg, 1998.
『金七十論』 T2137
『婆藪盤豆法師傳』 T2049
『方便心論』 T1632

◆ 이차 문헌 SECONDARY LITERATURE

AKAMATSU, Akihiko (赤松明彦). 1984. ｢ダルマキールティの論理学｣ [*“The Logic of Dharmakīrti”], 『講座･大乗仏教 9: 認識論と論理学』 [*Mahāyāna Buddhism Lecture 9: The Epistemology and the Logic], Tokyo: 春秋社 (Shunjusha), 183-216.
FRAUWALLNER, Erich. 1935. “Dharmottaras Kṣaṇabhaṅgasiddhiḥ: Text und Übersetzung”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Morgenlandes, vol. 42, 218-258 (= Kleine Schriften. Wiesbaden, 1982, 530-571).
. 1958. “Die Erkenntnislehre des Klassischen Sāṃkhya-Systems”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Süd- und Ostasiens, vol. 2, 84-139.
. 1961. “Landmarks in the History of Indian Logic”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Süd- und Ostasiens, vol. 5, 125-148 (= Kleine Schriften. Wiesbaden, 1982, 847-870).
KANG, Hyongchol (강형철). 2015. ｢바수반두의 찰나멸 논증을 둘러싼 몇 가지 해석상의 문제들: Yuktidīpikā와의 관련성을 중심으로｣ [“A Study on Several Probolems in Analysis of Vasubandhu's Proof of Momentariness: with a focus on connection with Yuktidīpikā”], 『인도철학』 (The Korea Journal of Indinan Philosophy), vol. 43, 121-155.10.32761/kjip.2015..43.005
. 2016. ｢고전기 이전 상키야 철학에 대한 Yuktidīpikā 저자의 역사 인식｣ [“The Historical Perspective of Yuktidīpikā-Kāra about Pre-classical Sāṃkhya System”], 『인도철학』 (The Korea Journal of Indinan Philosophy), vol. 47, 73-103.
KATURA, Shoryu (桂紹隆) 2002. ｢ヴァスバンドゥの刹那滅論証｣ [“Vasubandhu's Proof of Momentariness”], 『初期仏教からアビダルマへ: 桜部建博士喜寿記念論集』 [Early Buddhism and Abhidharma thought : in honor of doctor Hajime Sakurabe on his seventy-seventh birthday], Kyoto: 平楽寺書店 (Heirakujishoten), 259-276.
KWON, Seoyong (권서용) tr. 2008. Tani Tadashi (타니 타다시). 『무상의 철학』 [*The Philosophy of Anityatva], Busan: 산지니 (Sanzini) [『無常の哲学ーダルマキールテイと刹那滅』, Tokyo: 春秋社 (Shunjusha), 1996].
MIMAKI, Katsumi (御牧克己). 1972. ｢恒常性批判Sthirasiddhidūṣaṇa ─Ratnakīrti: SthirasiddhidūṣaṇaとTS(P):Sthirabhāvaparīkṣāの比較─｣　(*“The Comparison between Sthirasiddhidūṣaṇa of Ratnakīrti and Sthirabhāvaparīkṣa of TS(P)”], 『印度学仏教学研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 20-2, 127-133.
. 1973. ｢VināśitvânumānaとSthirasiddhidūṣaṇa｣ [*“Vināśitvânumāna and Sthirasiddhidūṣaṇa”], 『印度学仏教学研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 21-2.
______. 1984. ｢刹那滅論証｣ [*“The Proof of Momentariness”], 『講座･大乗仏教 9: 認識論と論理学』 [*Mahāyāna Buddhism Lecture 9: The Epistemology and the Logic], Tokyo: 春秋社 (Shunjusha), 217-254.
NASU, Ensho (那須円照). 1999. ｢アビダルマ研究ノート｣ [“Notes on Abhidharma Studies”], 『インドチベット学研究』 (Journal of Indian and Tibetan Studies), vol. 4, 103-112.
NORIYAMA, Satoru (乗山悟). 1994. ｢ダルマキールティの無因消滅論｣ [“Dharmakīrti’s ahetukavināśitvānumāna”], 『印度学仏教学研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 43-2, 148-150.
PRUDEN, Leo M. tr. 1991. Poussin, Louis de La Vellée. Abhidharmakośośabhāṣyam of Vasubandhu, vol. II, Berkley: Asian Humanities Press (L’Abhidharmakoṣa de Vasubandhu, Paris: Geuthner, 1923-1931).
ROSPATT, Alexander von. 1995. The Buddhist Doctrine of Momentariness: A Survey of the Origins and Early Phase of this Dictrine up to Vasubandhu, Stuttgart: Frantz Steiner Verlag.
SAKAI, Masamichi (酒井真道). 2011. “Śākyabuddhi and Dharmottara on the inference of momentariness based on the absence of external causes of destruction”, Helmut Krasser, Horst Lasic, Eli Franco, Birgit Kellner (eds), Religion and Logic in Buddhist Philosophical Analysis. Proceedings of the Fourth International Dharmakīrti Conference. Vienna, August 23-27, 2005, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 407-271.
SIDERITS, Mark. 2007. Buddhism as Philosophy: An Introduction, New York: Routledge.
STEINKELLNER, Ernst. 1968. “Die Entwicklung des kṣaṇikatvānumānam bei Dharmakīrti”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Süd- und Ostasiens, vol.12/13 (1968/1969), 361-377.
. 1979. “Miszellen zur erkenntnistheoretisch-logischen Schule des Buddhismus”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens, vol. 23, 141-154.
TANI, Tadashi (谷貞志). 2000. 『刹那滅の研究』 [The Momentary Destruction of Existence], Tokyo: 春秋社 (Shunjusha).
YOSHIMIZU, Chizuko (吉水千鶴子). 1999a. ｢恒常なものはなぜ無能力か｣ [“Why is a Permanent Thing Inefficacious?”], 『印度学仏教学研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies) vol. 48-1, 196-200.10.4259/ibk.48.377
______. 1999b. “The Development of sattvānumāna from the Refutation of a Permanent Existent in the Sautrāntika Tradition”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens, vol. 43, 231-254.

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korean Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 64
Pages :27-60
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.64..202009.27

[1] AK Abhidharmakoṣa of Vasubandhu. Cf. AKBh

[2] AKBh Abhidharmakoṣabhāṣya of Vasubandhu. ed. P. Pradhan, Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute, 1967.

[3] AKVy Abhidharmakoṣavyākhyā of Yaśomitra, Abhidharmakoṣa & Bhāṣya of Ācārya Vasubandhu with Sphutārthā Commentary of Ācārya Yaśomitra, Part II (III and IV Kośasthāna), Critically edited by Swami Dwarikadas Shastri (Bauddha Bharati Series 6), Varanasi: Bauddha Bharati, 1971.

[4] AS Abhidharmasamuccaya of Asaṅga. Cf. ASBh

[5] ASBh Abhidharmasamuccayabhāṣya. ed. Nathmal Taita, Patna, 1976.

[6] CS Carakasaṃhitā. Agnivesa's Caraka samhita: text with English translation & critical exposition based on Cakrapani Datta's Ayurvedadipika, Ram Karan Sharma and Bhagwan Dash, Varnaasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 1983.

[7] GBh Gauḍapādabhāṣya. Manikar, T.G. Sāṃkhyakārikā of Īśvarakṛṣṇa with the commentary of Gauḍapāda-bhāṣya (2nd. ed.), Poona: Oriental Book Agency, 1972.

[8] NBh Nyāyabhāṣya. Nyayasutra with Vatsyayana's Nyayabhasya. ed. Taranatha Nyaya-Tarkatirtha, Calcutta : Metropolitan Printing & Publ. 1936-1944.

[9] NS Nyāyasūtra. Cf. NBh

[10] PV I Pramāṇavārttika of Dharmakīrti, Chapter I, Cf. PVSV

[11] PVin Pramāṇaviniścaya of Dharmakīrti, Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇaviniścaya: Chapters 1 and 2, ed. Ernst Steinkellner, Beijing: China Tibetology Publishing House, 2007.

[12] PVSV Pramāṇavārttikasvavṛtti of Dharmakīrti, The Pramāṇavārttikam of Dharmakīrti: The First Chapter with the Autocommentary, ed. Raniero Gnoli, Roma: Instituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, 1960.

[13] PVSVṬ Karṇakagomin’s Commentary of Pramāṇavārttikavṛtti of Dharmakīrti, ed. Rāhula Sāṅkṛtyāyana, Kyoto: Rinsen Book, 1982.

[14] SSD Sthirasiddhidūṣaṇa of Ratnakīrti. Ratnakīrtinibandhāvaliḥ, Buddhist Nyāya Works of Ratnakīrti. ed. A. Thakur, Patna, 1975.

[15] VN Vādanyāya of Dharmakīrti, Dharmakīrtis Vādanyāyaḥ. Teil I: Sanskrit-Text. ed. Michael Torsten Much, Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Sprachen und Kulturen Süd- und Ostasiens vol. 25, 1991.

[16] YD Yuktidīpikā, The Most Significant Commentary on the Sāṃkhyakārikā Vol I, Edited by Alberecht Wezler and Shujun Motegi, Sūttgart: Franz Steiner Velarg, 1998.

[17] 『金七十論』 T2137

[18] 『婆藪盤豆法師傳』 T2049

[19] 『方便心論』 T1632

[20] AKAMATSU, Akihiko (赤松明彦). 1984. ｢ダルマキールティの論理学｣ [*“The Logic of Dharmakīrti”], 『講座･大乗仏教 9: 認識論と論理学』 [*Mahāyāna Buddhism Lecture 9: The Epistemology and the Logic], Tokyo: 春秋社 (Shunjusha), 183-216.

[21] FRAUWALLNER, Erich. 1935. “Dharmottaras Kṣaṇabhaṅgasiddhiḥ: Text und Übersetzung”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Morgenlandes, vol. 42, 218-258 (= Kleine Schriften. Wiesbaden, 1982, 530-571).

[22] . 1958. “Die Erkenntnislehre des Klassischen Sāṃkhya-Systems”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Süd- und Ostasiens, vol. 2, 84-139.

[23] . 1961. “Landmarks in the History of Indian Logic”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Süd- und Ostasiens, vol. 5, 125-148 (= Kleine Schriften. Wiesbaden, 1982, 847-870).

[24] KANG, Hyongchol (강형철). 2015. ｢바수반두의 찰나멸 논증을 둘러싼 몇 가지 해석상의 문제들: Yuktidīpikā와의 관련성을 중심으로｣ [“A Study on Several Probolems in Analysis of Vasubandhu's Proof of Momentariness: with a focus on connection with Yuktidīpikā”], 『인도철학』 (The Korea Journal of Indinan Philosophy), vol. 43, 121-155.10.32761/kjip.2015..43.005

[25] . 2016. ｢고전기 이전 상키야 철학에 대한 Yuktidīpikā 저자의 역사 인식｣ [“The Historical Perspective of Yuktidīpikā-Kāra about Pre-classical Sāṃkhya System”], 『인도철학』 (The Korea Journal of Indinan Philosophy), vol. 47, 73-103.

[26] KATURA, Shoryu (桂紹隆) 2002. ｢ヴァスバンドゥの刹那滅論証｣ [“Vasubandhu's Proof of Momentariness”], 『初期仏教からアビダルマへ: 桜部建博士喜寿記念論集』 [Early Buddhism and Abhidharma thought : in honor of doctor Hajime Sakurabe on his seventy-seventh birthday], Kyoto: 平楽寺書店 (Heirakujishoten), 259-276.

[27] KWON, Seoyong (권서용) tr. 2008. Tani Tadashi (타니 타다시). 『무상의 철학』 [*The Philosophy of Anityatva], Busan: 산지니 (Sanzini) [『無常の哲学ーダルマキールテイと刹那滅』, Tokyo: 春秋社 (Shunjusha), 1996].

[28] MIMAKI, Katsumi (御牧克己). 1972. ｢恒常性批判Sthirasiddhidūṣaṇa ─Ratnakīrti: SthirasiddhidūṣaṇaとTS(P):Sthirabhāvaparīkṣāの比較─｣　(*“The Comparison between Sthirasiddhidūṣaṇa of Ratnakīrti and Sthirabhāvaparīkṣa of TS(P)”], 『印度学仏教学研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 20-2, 127-133.

[29] . 1973. ｢VināśitvânumānaとSthirasiddhidūṣaṇa｣ [*“Vināśitvânumāna and Sthirasiddhidūṣaṇa”], 『印度学仏教学研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 21-2.

[30] ______. 1984. ｢刹那滅論証｣ [*“The Proof of Momentariness”], 『講座･大乗仏教 9: 認識論と論理学』 [*Mahāyāna Buddhism Lecture 9: The Epistemology and the Logic], Tokyo: 春秋社 (Shunjusha), 217-254.

[31] NASU, Ensho (那須円照). 1999. ｢アビダルマ研究ノート｣ [“Notes on Abhidharma Studies”], 『インドチベット学研究』 (Journal of Indian and Tibetan Studies), vol. 4, 103-112.

[32] NORIYAMA, Satoru (乗山悟). 1994. ｢ダルマキールティの無因消滅論｣ [“Dharmakīrti’s ahetukavināśitvānumāna”], 『印度学仏教学研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 43-2, 148-150.

[33] PRUDEN, Leo M. tr. 1991. Poussin, Louis de La Vellée. Abhidharmakośośabhāṣyam of Vasubandhu, vol. II, Berkley: Asian Humanities Press (L’Abhidharmakoṣa de Vasubandhu, Paris: Geuthner, 1923-1931).

[34] ROSPATT, Alexander von. 1995. The Buddhist Doctrine of Momentariness: A Survey of the Origins and Early Phase of this Dictrine up to Vasubandhu, Stuttgart: Frantz Steiner Verlag.

[35] SAKAI, Masamichi (酒井真道). 2011. “Śākyabuddhi and Dharmottara on the inference of momentariness based on the absence of external causes of destruction”, Helmut Krasser, Horst Lasic, Eli Franco, Birgit Kellner (eds), Religion and Logic in Buddhist Philosophical Analysis. Proceedings of the Fourth International Dharmakīrti Conference. Vienna, August 23-27, 2005, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 407-271.

[36] SIDERITS, Mark. 2007. Buddhism as Philosophy: An Introduction, New York: Routledge.

[37] STEINKELLNER, Ernst. 1968. “Die Entwicklung des kṣaṇikatvānumānam bei Dharmakīrti”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Süd- und Ostasiens, vol.12/13 (1968/1969), 361-377.

[38] . 1979. “Miszellen zur erkenntnistheoretisch-logischen Schule des Buddhismus”, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens, vol. 23, 141-154.

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