정려(dhyāna)는 어떻게 삼매(samādhi)가 되었나?

doi:10.21482/jbs.87..202606.1

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2026 Vol.87 Next Page

투고논문

정려(dhyāna)는 어떻게 삼매(samādhi)가 되었나? How Did Dhyāna Become Samādhi?: 김성철
KIM, Seong-Cheol; 금강대학교 불교문화연구소 교수

Professor, GCBS, Geumgang University

30 June 2026. pp. 1∼29

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Abstract

This paper examines the historical circumstances in which cittekaggatā/cittaikāgratā was added as a factor of the four jhānas/dhyānas, focusing on both the likely period of this addition and the reasons for it.
Regarding the period of addition, the Pāli Nikāya suttas that include cittekaggatā—the Mahāvedalla-sutta and the Anupada-sutta—are identified as later compositions because their Chinese parallels either lack the relevant passage or are absent, and because both texts show strong traces of Abhidhamma analysis. By contrast, the earliest Abhidhamma/Abhidharma texts of both traditions, the Vibhaṅga and the Dharmaskandhaka, already include cittaikāgratā as a factor across all four dhyānas. Meanwhile, the Saṅgīti-sutta and the Dasuttara-sutta, which belong to the Sutta Piṭaka but have a proto-Abhidhamma character, do not contain this addition. On this basis, the addition of cittekaggatā is placed in the period when the closing of the Sutta Piṭaka overlapped with the beginning of pre-schism Abhidharma composition, approximately 50–100 years after the Buddha’s parinirvāṇa.
Regarding the reasons for the addition, two possibilities are examined. First, the identification of sammāsamādhi with the four jhānas is shown to be a later development specific to the Pāli Abhidhamma tradition and unattested in Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma literature; therefore, it cannot explain a phenomenon common to both northern and southern traditions. Second, the four formless attainments (ārūpyasamāpatti) are shown, on the basis of their standard formula, to have cittaikāgratā as their defining characteristic. The paper argues that, when the four dhyānas and the four formless attainments were integrated into the nine successive attainments as a graduated path, cittaikāgratā was added to the four dhyānas as a shared psychological factor that established continuity between the two sets. The Anupada-sutta is the only textual witness that allows this process of addition and its rationale to be traced, albeit indirectly.

Keywords

jhāna/dhyāna

dhyāna factors

cittaikagratā

samādhi

four formless attainments

nine successive attainments

본고의 목적은 초정려를 비롯한 4정려의 구성요소로 심일경성(cittekaggatā/cittaikāgratā)이 추가된 시기와 그 이유를 역사적으로 고찰하는 것이다.
추가 시기에 관해서 먼저, 팔리 니카야에서 심일경성을 추가하는 「마하베달라 숫타」·「아누파다 숫타」가 대응 한역본의 부재 및 아비달마적 분석을 강하게 반영한다는 것을 근거로 후대의 산물임을 확인하였다. 반면 남북전 최초기 논서인 상좌부 『비방가』와 설일체유부 『법온족론』에는 이미 4정려 전체에 걸쳐 심일경성이 포함되어 있다. 한편 아비달마적 성격을 지닌 경전인 「상기티 숫타」·「다숫타라 숫타」에는 심일경성이 추가되어 있지 않다. 이에 근거하여 추가 시기를 불멸 후 50년에서 100년 사이로 추정하였다.
추가 이유로는 두 가능성을 검토하였다. 첫째, 8정도 중 정정(sammāsamādhi)과 4정려의 동일시이다. 검토 결과 이 동일시는 팔리 전통의 후대 산물로서 설일체유부 문헌에는 확인되지 않았다. 따라서 남북전 공통 현상인 심일경성의 추가 이유로 상정하기 어렵다. 둘째, 9차제정의 성립과 관련한 것이다. 4무색정은 단일하고 배타적인 대상에 대한 집중, 곧 심일경성을 본질로 한다. 이러한 성격을 가진 4무색정과 통합을 위해 4정려에도 4무색정과 동일성을 확보할 필요가 제기되었을 것이다. 곧 9차제정이라는 단계적 수행도로 통합하는 과정에서 양자의 연속성을 확보하기 위한 공통 기준으로서 심일경성이 4정려에 추가되었다고 결론지었다. 「아누파다 숫타」는 이 추가의 이유와 중간 과정을 간접적으로나마 확인할 수 있는 유일한 전거로서 의의를 지닌다.

키워드

정려

정려의 구성요소

심일경성

삼매

4무색정

9차제정

References

◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 Abbreviations and Primary Sources

AN Aṅguttaranikāya, ed. by MORRIS, M. and E. HARDY. 5 vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1955-1961 (reprints).
AKBh Abhidharmakośabhāṣya, ed. by PRADHAN, P. Tibetan Sanskrit Work Series 8. Patna, 1967 (repr. 1975).
DN Dīghānikāya, ed. by RHYS DAVIDS, T. W. and J. E. CARPENTER. 3 vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1942, 1982, 1932 respectively (reprints).
Dhs Dhammasaṅganī, ed. by MÜLLER, E. London: Pali Text Society, 1885.
MN Majjhimanikāya, ed. by TRENCKNER, V. and R. CHALMERS. 3 vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1979, 1925 & 1951 respectively (reprints).
Mp Manorathapūraṇī: Buddhaghosa's Commentary on the Aṅguttara-Nikāya, ed. by WALLESER, M. and H. KOPP. 5 vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1924-1956.
PDB The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. ed. by Buswell, R. E., & Lopez, D. S., Princeton University Press. 2013.
Ps Papañcasūdanī: Majjhimanikāyaṭṭhakathā of Buddhaghosa, ed. by WOODS, J. H., D. KOSAMBI and I. B. HORNER. 5 vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1922-1938.
SN Saṃyuttanikāya, ed. by FEER, M. L. 5 vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1991, 1989, 1975, 1990 & 1976 (respectively reprints).
T 大正新修大藏經 [Revised Buddhist Canon compiled during the Taishō reign period]. Eds. TAKAKUSU, Junjirō (高楠順次郞) and Kaikyoku WATANABE (渡邊海旭) et al. 100 vols. Tokyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924-1935.
Vbh Vibhaṅga, ed. by RHYS DAVIDS, C. A. F. London: Pali Text Society, 1904.
Vin Vinayapiṭaka, ed. by OLDENBERG, H. 5 vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1969-1982 (reprints).
Vism The Visuddhimagga of Buddhaghosa, ed. by RHYS DAVIDS, C. A. F. London: Pali Text Society, 1975 (reprint).
『佛光』『佛光大辭典』, 佛光山, 1988.
『중아함경』 T26
『잡아함경』 T784
『집이문족론』 T1536
『법온족론』 T1537
『구사론』 T1558

◆ 이차 문헌 Secondary Literature

ANĀLAYO. 2020. “Definitions of right concentration in comparative perspective,” Singaporean Journal of Buddhist Studies, 5, 9-39.
ARBEL, Keren. 2016. Early Buddhist Meditation: The Four Jhānas as the Actualization of Insight, London: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315676043
BAREAU, André. 1963. Recherches sur la biographie du Buddha dans les Sūtrapiṭaka et les Vinayapiṭaka anciens: De la quête de l'éveil à la conversion de Śāriputra et de Maudgalyāyana, Paris: École Française d'Extrême-Orient.
BRONKHORST, Johannes. 1985. “Dharma and Abhidharma,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 48, no. 2, 305-320. 10.1017/S0041977X00033371
_______. 1993. The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India. 2nd ed, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
BRONKHORST, Johannes J. 브롱코스트, KIM, Hyeongjun 김형준·CHOI, Jiyeon 최지연, tr. 2019. 『고대 인도 명상의 두 전통』 [GODAE INDO MYEONGSANGUI DU JEONTONG], Seoul: HEU:INE.
COUSINS, L.S. 2015. “Abhidhamma Studies III: Origins of the Canonical Abhidha(r)mma Literature,” Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, vol. 8, 96-145.
FRAUWALLNER, Erich. 1995. Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems, Translated by Sophie Francis Kidd, Albany: State University of New York Press.
GOMBRICH, Richard. 1997. “Religious experience in early Buddhism?,” Eighth Annual British Association for the Study of Religion Lecture.
GUNARATANA, Henepola. 1980. A Critical Analysis of the Jhānas in Theravāda Buddhist Meditation, Ph.D. dissertation, The American University.
von HINÜBER, Oskar. 1996. A Handbook of Pāli Literature, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110814989
_______. 2024. Vor dem Tipiṭaka: Überlegungen zu den ersten Versuchen der Buddhisten, ihre Texte zu ordnen und zu gestalten, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur.
KIM, Seong-cheol 김성철. 2019. 「정려의 구성요소를 둘러싼 여러 학파의 해석 (1)」 [“On the Interpretation of the Factors of Dhyāna (1)], 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 55, 47-82. 10.32761/kjip.2019..55.002
ÑĀṆAMOLI, Bhikkhu. 2010[1956]. The Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga), Onalaska: BPS Pariyatti Editions.
PANDE, Govind Chandra. 1974. Studies in the Origins of Buddhism, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
PANDE, Govind Chandra 고빈드 찬드라 판데, JUNG, Jungyoun 정준영, tr. 2019. 『불교의 기원』 (BULGYOUI GIWON), Seoul: Minjoksa 민족사.
POLAK, Grzegorz. 2011. Reexamining Jhāna: Towards a Critical Reconstruction of Early Buddhist Soteriology, Lublin: UMCS.
SCHMITHAUSEN, Lambert. 1981. “On Some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of ‘Liberating Insight’ and ‘Enlightenment’,” Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus: Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf, Wiesbaden, 199-250.
SAKURABE, Hajime. 櫻部建. 1969. 『俱舍論の硏究』 (KUSHARON NO KENKYU), Kyoto: Hojokan (法藏館)
STUART-FOX, Martin. 1989. “Jhāna and Buddhist Scholasticism,” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 12, no. 2, 79-110.
VETTER, Tilmann. 1988. The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, Leiden: Brill. 10.1163/9789004644380
VETTER, Tilmann 틸만 페터. KIM, Seong-cheol 김성철, tr. 2020[2009]. 『초기불교의 이념과 명상』 (CHOGIBULGYOUI INYEOMGWA MYEONGSANG), Seoul: CIR 씨아이알.
WYNNE, Alexander. 2007. The Origin of Buddhist Meditation, London: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203963005
ZAFIROPULO, G. 1993. L'illumination du Buddha: De la quête à l'annonce de l'éveil: essais de chronologie relative et de stratigraphie textuelle, Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korean Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 87
Pages :1∼29
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.87..202606.1

[1] AN Aṅguttaranikāya, ed. by MORRIS, M. and E. HARDY. 5 vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1955-1961 (reprints).

[2] AKBh Abhidharmakośabhāṣya, ed. by PRADHAN, P. Tibetan Sanskrit Work Series 8. Patna, 1967 (repr. 1975).

[3] DN Dīghānikāya, ed. by RHYS DAVIDS, T. W. and J. E. CARPENTER. 3 vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1942, 1982, 1932 respectively (reprints).

[4] Dhs Dhammasaṅganī, ed. by MÜLLER, E. London: Pali Text Society, 1885.

[5] MN Majjhimanikāya, ed. by TRENCKNER, V. and R. CHALMERS. 3 vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1979, 1925 & 1951 respectively (reprints).

[6] Mp Manorathapūraṇī: Buddhaghosa's Commentary on the Aṅguttara-Nikāya, ed. by WALLESER, M. and H. KOPP. 5 vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1924-1956.

[7] PDB The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. ed. by Buswell, R. E., & Lopez, D. S., Princeton University Press. 2013.

[8] Ps Papañcasūdanī: Majjhimanikāyaṭṭhakathā of Buddhaghosa, ed. by WOODS, J. H., D. KOSAMBI and I. B. HORNER. 5 vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1922-1938.

[9] SN Saṃyuttanikāya, ed. by FEER, M. L. 5 vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1991, 1989, 1975, 1990 & 1976 (respectively reprints).

[10] T 大正新修大藏經 [Revised Buddhist Canon compiled during the Taishō reign period]. Eds. TAKAKUSU, Junjirō (高楠順次郞) and Kaikyoku WATANABE (渡邊海旭) et al. 100 vols. Tokyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924-1935.

[11] Vbh Vibhaṅga, ed. by RHYS DAVIDS, C. A. F. London: Pali Text Society, 1904.

[12] Vin Vinayapiṭaka, ed. by OLDENBERG, H. 5 vols. London: Pali Text Society, 1969-1982 (reprints).

[13] Vism The Visuddhimagga of Buddhaghosa, ed. by RHYS DAVIDS, C. A. F. London: Pali Text Society, 1975 (reprint).

[14] 『佛光』『佛光大辭典』, 佛光山, 1988.

[15] 『중아함경』 T26

[16] 『잡아함경』 T784

[17] 『집이문족론』 T1536

[18] 『법온족론』 T1537

[19] 『구사론』 T1558

[20] ANĀLAYO. 2020. “Definitions of right concentration in comparative perspective,” Singaporean Journal of Buddhist Studies, 5, 9-39.

[21] ARBEL, Keren. 2016. Early Buddhist Meditation: The Four Jhānas as the Actualization of Insight, London: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315676043

[22] BAREAU, André. 1963. Recherches sur la biographie du Buddha dans les Sūtrapiṭaka et les Vinayapiṭaka anciens: De la quête de l'éveil à la conversion de Śāriputra et de Maudgalyāyana, Paris: École Française d'Extrême-Orient.

[23] BRONKHORST, Johannes. 1985. “Dharma and Abhidharma,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 48, no. 2, 305-320. 10.1017/S0041977X00033371

[24] _______. 1993. The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India. 2nd ed, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.

[25] BRONKHORST, Johannes J. 브롱코스트, KIM, Hyeongjun 김형준·CHOI, Jiyeon 최지연, tr. 2019. 『고대 인도 명상의 두 전통』 [GODAE INDO MYEONGSANGUI DU JEONTONG], Seoul: HEU:INE.

[26] COUSINS, L.S. 2015. “Abhidhamma Studies III: Origins of the Canonical Abhidha(r)mma Literature,” Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, vol. 8, 96-145.

[27] FRAUWALLNER, Erich. 1995. Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems, Translated by Sophie Francis Kidd, Albany: State University of New York Press.

[28] GOMBRICH, Richard. 1997. “Religious experience in early Buddhism?,” Eighth Annual British Association for the Study of Religion Lecture.

[29] GUNARATANA, Henepola. 1980. A Critical Analysis of the Jhānas in Theravāda Buddhist Meditation, Ph.D. dissertation, The American University.

[30] von HINÜBER, Oskar. 1996. A Handbook of Pāli Literature, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110814989

[31] _______. 2024. Vor dem Tipiṭaka: Überlegungen zu den ersten Versuchen der Buddhisten, ihre Texte zu ordnen und zu gestalten, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur.

[32] KIM, Seong-cheol 김성철. 2019. 「정려의 구성요소를 둘러싼 여러 학파의 해석 (1)」 [“On the Interpretation of the Factors of Dhyāna (1)], 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 55, 47-82. 10.32761/kjip.2019..55.002

[33] ÑĀṆAMOLI, Bhikkhu. 2010[1956]. The Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga), Onalaska: BPS Pariyatti Editions.

[34] PANDE, Govind Chandra. 1974. Studies in the Origins of Buddhism, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

[35] PANDE, Govind Chandra 고빈드 찬드라 판데, JUNG, Jungyoun 정준영, tr. 2019. 『불교의 기원』 (BULGYOUI GIWON), Seoul: Minjoksa 민족사.

[36] POLAK, Grzegorz. 2011. Reexamining Jhāna: Towards a Critical Reconstruction of Early Buddhist Soteriology, Lublin: UMCS.

[37] SCHMITHAUSEN, Lambert. 1981. “On Some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of ‘Liberating Insight’ and ‘Enlightenment’,” Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus: Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf, Wiesbaden, 199-250.

[38] SAKURABE, Hajime. 櫻部建. 1969. 『俱舍論の硏究』 (KUSHARON NO KENKYU), Kyoto: Hojokan (法藏館)

[39] STUART-FOX, Martin. 1989. “Jhāna and Buddhist Scholasticism,” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 12, no. 2, 79-110.

[40] VETTER, Tilmann. 1988. The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, Leiden: Brill. 10.1163/9789004644380

[41] VETTER, Tilmann 틸만 페터. KIM, Seong-cheol 김성철, tr. 2020[2009]. 『초기불교의 이념과 명상』 (CHOGIBULGYOUI INYEOMGWA MYEONGSANG), Seoul: CIR 씨아이알.

[42] WYNNE, Alexander. 2007. The Origin of Buddhist Meditation, London: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203963005

[43] ZAFIROPULO, G. 1993. L'illumination du Buddha: De la quête à l'annonce de l'éveil: essais de chronologie relative et de stratigraphie textuelle, Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.

Korean Journal of Buddhist Studies ISSN:1598-0642(Print) 불교학연구

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