투고논문

31 December 2024. pp. 57~96
Abstract
In this paper, I argue that latent tendencies (anusaya) in early Buddhism are not subconscious/unconscious entities, but that later schools came to view them as such because this view helps them to answer the question of how noble persons eradicate mental defilements. I also show that Theravadin school, on the other hand, does not view such mental defilements as subconscious, but it fails to convincingly answer the aforesaid question. Finally, I argue that there does exist an way to answer that question without resorting to anything subconscious/unconscious. When we interpret the sentence “The noble person X has eradicated the defilement A” as a shorthand for the statement “X’s enlightenment in the past is guaranteed to produce the anti-A factor in him whenever he is tempted to harbor A,” we do not need to assume anything of subconscious/unconscious nature. This theory, if correct, would complete the seemingly incomplete early Buddhist model of mind, and would render the Yogācārin concept of ālayavijñāṇa into a solution looking for a problem. I also deal with other relevant issues: (1) Is sīlabbataparāmāsa a type of anusaya? (2) Three levels of moral evil, and (3) Why there are only seven anusayas.
이 논문에서 나는 초기불교의 수면(睡眠, anusayas)이 잠재 의식적/무의식적 실체가 아님을 주장한다. 왜냐하면 수면을 잠재 의식/무의식적 실체와 같이 간주하게 된 것은 후대 학파들[의 작업]에서 나타난 것이고, 이러한 견해는 성자(聖者)들이 정신적인 번뇌들을 어떻게 제거하는지에 관한 질문에 답변하는 것에 있어서 그들에게 도움이 되었기 때문[에 형성된 것]이다. 또한 나는 다른 한편으로 상좌부는 그러한 정신적 번뇌들을 잠재 의식으로 간주하지 않지만, 앞서 말한 질문에 대해 설득력 있게 답변하지 못했음을 드러낼 것이다. 마지막으로 나는 잠재 의식적/무의식적이라는 어떤 구분에 의존하지 않고도, 그 질문에 답하는 방식이 [다음과 같이] 존재함을 주장한다. 우리가 “X라는 성자가 A라는 번뇌를 제거했다”라는 진술을 “X의 과거의 깨달음이 그가 번뇌 A를 품고 싶은 유혹을 받을 때마다 그에게서 반-A라는 요인을 만들도록 보장되어 있다.”라는 진술에 대한 축약으로 해석한다면, 우리는 잠재 의식적/무의식적 특성의 어떤 것을 가정할 필요가 없게 된다. 이것이 맞다면 이 이론은 표면적으로 불완전해 보이는 초기불교의 마음 모델을 완성하고, 유가행파의 아뢰야식(阿賴耶識, ālayavijñāṇa) 개념을 [표면에 드러나는] 문제를 찾는 해법으로 변환할 것이다. 또한 나는 ‘(1) 계금취(戒禁取, sīlabbataparāmāsa)는 수면의 일종인가? (2) 도덕적 해악의 3가지 수준, (3) 왜 수면은 오직 7개인가?’와 같은 다른 관련 주제들도 다루었다.
References

    ◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 Abbreviations and Primary Sources

     

    (The Pali text titles are abbreviated per the Critical Pali Dictionary system.)

  1. AN   Aṅguttara-Nikāya. 1958-1976. Edited by Richard Morris and A. K. Warder. 6 vols. London: The Pali Text Society.
  2. Dhp   Dhammapada. 1995. Edited by O. von Hinüber and K. R. Norman. Oxford: The Pali Text Society.
  3. Dhs   The Dhammasaṅgaṇī. 1978. Edited by Edward Müller. The Pali Text Society Text Series 31. London: The Pali Text Society.
  4. DN   The Dīgha Nikāya. 1966-1976. Edited by T. W. Rhys Davids and J. Estlin Carpenter. 3 vols. London: The Pali Text Society.
  5. Kv   Kathāvatthu. 1979. Edited by Arnold C. Taylor. The Pali Text Society Text Series 48-49. Vol. I (1894) & Vol. II (1897) combined. London: The Pali Text Society.
  6. Kv-a   Kathāvatthuppakaraṇa-Aṭṭhakathā. 1979. Edited by Jayawickrama. The Pali Text Society Text Series 169. London: The Pali Text Society.
  7. MN   Majjhima-Nikāya. 1977-1979. Edited by V. Trenckner and Robert Chalmers. 3 vols. London: The Pali Text Society.
  8. Paṭis   Paṭisambhidāmagga. 1979 (1905-1907). Edited by Arnold C. Taylor. 2 vols. London: The Pali Text Society.
  9. Paṭis-a   Saddhammappākāsinī: Commentary on Paṭisambhidāmāgga. 1979 (1941-1947). Edited by C. V. Joshi. 3 vols. London: The Pali Text Society.
  10. SN   The Saṃyutta Nikāya of the Sutta-Piṭaka. 1975-1991. Edited by M. Léon Feer. 5 vols. Oxford: The Pali Text Society.
  11. Tikap   Tikapaṭṭhāna. 1988 (1921, 1922, 1923). Edted by C. A. F. Rhys Davids. 3 vols. Reprinted as one. London: The Pali Text Society.
  12. Ud   Udāna. 1982 (1885). Edited by Paul Steinthal. London: The Pali Text Society.
  13. Vibh   Vibhaṅga: The Second Book of Abhidhamma Piṭaka. 1978 (1904). Edited by C. A. F. Rhys Davids. The Pali Text Society Text Series 144. London: The Pali Text Society.
  14. Vibh-a   Sammoha-Vinodanī: Abhidhammapiṭake Vibhaṅgaṭṭhakathā. 1980 (1923). Edited by A. P. Buddhadatta. The Pali Text Society Text Series 116. London: The Pali Text Society.
  15. Yam-a   Yamakappakaraṇaṭṭhakathā. See Rhys Davids 2012.
  16. Yam-mṭ   Yamakappakaraṇa-mūlaṭīkā. 2023. Tipitaka Pali Reader, Chaṭṭhasaṅgāyanā Edition, https://github.com/bksubhuti/tipitaka-pali-reader/releases/tag/v2.5.9%2B62 (Accessed November 27, 2023).
  17.  

    ◆ 이차 문헌 Secondary Literature

     

  18. Bhikkhu ANĀLAYO. 2003. “Saṅkhārā,” in Encyclopedia of Buddhism, vol. 7, ed. by G. P. Malalasekera, et al., 732-737, Sri Lanka: Department of Buddhist Affairs, Ministry of Buddhasasana.
  19. _______. 2018. “The Underlying Tendencies,” Insight Journal, vol. 44, 21-30.
  20. Bhikkhu BODHI. 1976. “Aggregates and Clinging Aggregates: Khandha/Upadanakkhandha.” Pali Buddhist Review, vol. 1, no. 2, 91-102. 10.1558/bsrv.v1i2.13813
  21. _______, ed. 1999. A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma: The Abhidhammattha Sangaha of Ācariya Anuruddha. 2nd ed. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society.
  22. _______, trans. 2003. The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Saṃyutta Nikāya. Somerville, MA: Wisdom.
  23. _______, tr. 2012. The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Aṅguttara Nikāya. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications.
  24. Bhikkhu ÑĀṆAMOḶI, tr. 2009. The Path of Discrimination: Paṭisambhidāmagga. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: The Pali Text Society.
  25. Bhikkhu ÑĀṆAMOḶI and Bhikkhu Bodhi, trs. 2009. The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya. 4th ed. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publication.
  26. Bhikkhu Sujato, tr. 2024. Sayings of the Dhamma: A Meaningful Translation of the Dhammapada. Eastwood: SuttaCentral Publications. https://suttacentral.net/edition/dhp/en/sujato?lang=en (Accessed September 18, 2024).
  27. DE SILVA, Padmasiri. 2014. An Introduction to Buddhist Psychology and Counselling: Pathways of Mindfulness-Based Therapies. 5th ed. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137287557_1324286173
  28. HARVEY, Peter. 2013. An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.10.1017/CBO9781139050531
  29. JAYASURIYA, W.F. 2016. The Psychology & Philosophy of Buddhism: being an Introduction to the Abhidhamma. Pariyatti edition. Washington: Pariyatti.
  30. JOHANSSON, Rune E. A. 1979. The Dynamic Psychology of Early Buddhism. Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series 37. London: Curzon.
  31. KARUNADASA, Y. 2001. The Early Buddhist Teaching On the Practice of the Moral Life: The Numata Yehan Lecture in Buddhism. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary.
  32. _______. 2015. Early Buddhist Teachings: The Middle Position in Theory and Practice. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society.
  33. KARUNARATNA, Upali. 1997. Anusaya. In Encyclopedia of Buddhism, 1:775-777. Sri Lanka: Department of Buddhist Affairs.
  34. Kyaw Khine U, tr. 1996. Dhammasaṅgaṇī: Enumeration of the Ultimate Realities. Rangoon, MM: Department for the Promotion / Propagation of the Sāsanā.
  35. Mahāsi Sayadaw. Vipassanā Mettā Foundation Translation Committee, tr. 2016. Manual of Insight. . Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publication.
  36. PERASSO, Antonio L. 2019. “The Concept and Role of Anusaya from Early Buddhism to Mahāyanā.” The Journal of International Buddhist Studies College (JIBSC), vol. 5, no. 1, 61-74.
  37. RHYS DAVIDS, C. A. F. ed. 1912. “Yamakappakaraṇaṭṭhakathā from the Pañcappakaraṇaṭṭhakathā,” Journal of the Pali Text Society, vol. 6, 51-107.
  38. SIMMS, Chris. ‘Occam’s Razor: A Guiding Principle of Logic Exhorting Us to Keep Things as Simple as Possible,‘ New Scientist, https://www.newscientist.com/definition/occams-razor/ (Accessed March 21, 2024).
  39. THIṬṬILA, Paṭhamakyaw Ashin, tr. 1969. The Book of Analysis (Vibhaṅga): The Second Book of the Abhidhammika Piṭaka. Pali Text Society Translation Series 39. London: The Pali Text Society.
  40. Ven. PANDITA (Burma). 2015. “The Four Realities True for Noble Ones: A New Approach to the Ariyasaccas.” Journal of Buddhist Ethics, vol. 22, 327-364.
  41. WALDRON, William S. 2004. The Buddhist Unconscious: The Ālaya-vijñāna in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought. New York, NY: RoutledgeCurzon-Taylor & Francis.
  42. WALSHE, Maurice, tr. 1995. The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Dīghanikaya. 2nd ed. Somerville: Wisdom Publications.
  43. WEERARATNE, W. G. 1966. “Arahant,” in Encyclopedia of Buddhism, vol. 2, ed. by G. P. Malalasekera, et al., 41-46, Sri Lanka: Department of Buddhist Affairs, Ministry of Buddhasasana.
Information
  • Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
  • Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
  • Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
  • Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
  • Volume : 81
  • No :0
  • Pages :57~96