Why Should a Bodhisattva Practice Prajñāpāramitā ?

doi:10.21482/jbs.67..202106.145

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Why Should a Bodhisattva Practice Prajñāpāramitā ? 왜 반야바라밀을 수습하는가?: 김홍미(원과)
Hong-mi Kim(Ven. Won-gwa); 동국대학교 미래융합교육원 외래교수

Adjunct Professor Dongguk University

30 June 2021. pp. 145-172

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Abstract

This paper is intended to find the answer to why the Bodhisattvamahāsattva should practice prajñāpāramitā(般若波羅蜜). First, I introduce the definitions of prajñāpāramitā which appear in at least 90 different types in the Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra(󰡔大智度論󰡕), and then analyze the explanation of the Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra, which annotated the question of Śāriputra described in the Pañcatiṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā.

In particular, I note the status of Śāriputra in texts describing prajñāpāramitā. In these texts, Śāriputra is denigrated by Avalokitesévara bodhisattva as a status to learn about prajñāpāramitā rather than being recognized as a supreme disciple of Śākyamuni. Although Śāriputra is an arhat, the impressions (vāsana) of the threefold poison (triviṣa) are not yet destroyed (kṣīṇa) in him. Therefore, he must practice prajñāpāramitā so that he can have an omniscient wisdom after he removes the impressions, as the Buddha does. I also review comments on ‘bodhisattva’, ‘mahāsattva’, ‘all aspects (sarvākāram)’, and ‘all dharmas (sarvadharmāḥ)’ included in Śāriputra's question in the Pañcatiṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā.

The purpose of a Bodhisattvamahāsattva's practice of prajñāpāramitā is to realize all dharmas, an object of the consciousness (vijñāna) and the knowledges (jñāna), by the doors of wisdom (prajñāmukha) for all living beings. Because as much as all living beings suffer, he needs the practice of prajñāpāramitā to gain great wisdom and realizes all dharmas by the omnipotent.

Keywords

all aspects (sarvākāram)

all dharmas (sarvadharmāḥ)

bodhisattva

Mahāprjñāpāramitāśāstra

mahāsattva

prajñāpāramitā

Śāriputra.

이 논문은 ‘왜 반야바라밀을 수습해야 하는가’라는 문제 제기에서 출발한다. 먼저 PvsP에 서술된 최소 90가지 이상 정의된 반야바라밀을 소개한 다음, 󰡔대지도론󰡕에서 주석한 사리불(Śāriputra, 舍利弗)의 질문 내용을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 이미 아라한인 사리불에게 일부러 질문하도록 한 이유와 보살마하살이 반야바라밀을 수습해야 하는 이유를 밝히려 한 것이다. 특히 반야바라밀을 주제로 한 텍스트들에 나타난 사리불의 위상이 폄하되어 있다는 것에 주목하여 그를 전형적 모델로 한 반야에 의한 훈련만으로 충분했다면 질문하도록 할 필요가 없었을 것이라는 가설을 세웠다. 󰡔대지도론󰡕의 주석에 따르면 사리불은 반야에 의한 훈련을 통해 발생한 지혜로써 탐･진･치라는 삼독을 제거할 수 있었더라도 그 습기가 남아 있기 때문에 일체지(一切智)를 지닌 붓다와 달리 심오한 반야바라밀을 분명하게 알 수 없었고, 따라서 그 습기를 없애기 위해 반야바라밀의 수습이 필요하다는 것이다.

보살마하살은 왜 반야바라밀을 수습해야 하는가, 󰡔대지도론󰡕에서는 사리불의 질문에 포함된 ‘보살’과 ‘마하살’, ‘모든 측면’, ‘일체 법’에 대한 뜻풀이를 통해 그 해답을 제시하고 있다. 즉 보리심으로 표현된 큰마음을 지닌 보살마하살은 일체 중생들을 빠짐없이 구제해야 하기 때문에 모든 지혜의 문으로써 식과 지혜의 인식대상이 되는 일체 법을 깨달아야 하며, 그것을 위해 반드시 반야바라밀을 수습해야 한다는 것이다. 마치 의사가 모든 사람의 질병을 치료하기 위해 모든 종류의 약을 비축해야 하는 것처럼, 보살마하살은 중생들이 무수하고 무량한 만큼 그들 모두를 구제하기 위해 일체지를 증득해야 하는데, 그 증득을 위해 반야바라밀의 수습이 필요하다는 것이다. 또한 그 수습을 통해 더 큰마음으로 모든 측면에서 광대하고 심오한 일체 법을 깨달을 수 있기 때문에 보살마하살뿐만 아니라 일체 중생까지 최고의 깨달음을 성취할 수 있다.

키워드

대지도론

마하살

모든 측면

반야바라밀

보살

사리불

일체 법

References

◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 ABBREVIATIONS AND PRIMARY SOURCES

Abhidh-k-bh Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam of Vasubandhu, ed. P. PRADHAN, Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute, 1967.
AN Anguttara-Nikāya, ed. R. MORRIS, E. HARDY, London: Pali Text Society, 1960(repr.).
Aṣṭa Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā, ed. VAIDYA, P.L., Darbhanga: Mithilāvidyāpīṭha, 1960.
DN Dīgha-Nikāya, ed. T. W. RHYS DAVIDS, J. E. CARPENTER, London: Pali Text Society, 1966-1976(repr.).
MN Majjhima-Nikāya, ed. V. TRENCKNER/R. CHALMERS, London: Pali Text Society, 1977(repr.).
NagS "The Nagaropamasūtra: An Apotropaic Text from the Saṃyuktāgama," Sanskrit-Texte aus dem buddhistischen Kanon: Neuentdeckungen und Neueditionen, ed. G. BONGARD-LEVIN, D. BOUCHER, T. FUKITA, K. WILLE, Dritte FOLGE, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1996.
NidS A New Edition of the First 25 Sūtras of the Nidānasaṃyukta, ed. CHUNG, Jin-Il & Takamichi FUKITA, Tōkyō: Sankibō, 2020.
PvsP Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā̄ (梵文二万五千頌般若経) I-I, ed.
T. KIMURA, Tōkyō̄: Sankibō, 2007.
Sbhv The Gilgit Manuscript of the Saṅghabhedavastu, Being the 17th and last Section of the Vinaya of the Mūlasarvāstivādin, ed. R. GNOLI, Roma: IsMEO, 1977, 1978.
SN Saṃyutta-Nikāya, ed. L. FEER, London: Pali Text Society, 1991(repr.).
Vaj Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā, Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection IV, Buddhist Manuscripts volume III, ed. Paul HARRISON and Shogo WATANABE (渡辺章悟), Oslo: Hermes Academic Publishing, 2006.
Vin Vinayapiṭaka, ed. H. OLDENBERG, London: Pali Text Society, 1964(repr.).
Vism Visuddhimagga, ed. Caroline A. F. RHYS DAVIDS, London: Pali Text Society, 1975(repr.).
『大般若波羅蜜多經』 T220
『大明度經』 T225
『大智度論』 T1509
『道行般若經』 T224
『根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事』 T1450
『雜阿含經』 T99
『增壹阿含經』 T125
『摩訶般若波羅蜜經』 T223
『彌沙塞部和醯五分律』 T1421
『四分律』 T1428
『緣起聖道經』 T714
CONZE E. 1978. The Prajñāpāramitā literature, Tokyo: The Reiyukai.
DAYAL Har. 1932. The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.

◆ 이차 문헌 SECONDARY LITERATURE

FUNAYAMA, Toru (船山徹). 2013. 『仏典はどう漢訳されたのか』 [How Buddhist Scriptures Were Translated into Chinese], Tōkyō: 岩波書店 (Iwanami Shoten).
KARASHIMA, Seishi (辛嶋静志). 2013. "Was the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Compiled in Gandhāra in Gāndhārī?", Tōkyō: The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University, vol. XVI, 171-188.
KIM, SeongCheol (김성철). 2010. 「『유가사지론』「성문지」의 입출식」 ["Mindfulness of Breating in the Śravākabhūmi"], 『요가학연구』 (Journal of Yoga Studies) vol. 4, 65-89. 10.35771/engdoi.2010.23.4.003
KIM, Hong mi (김홍미). 2008. 「『雜阿含經』과 Saṃyuttanikāya에 나타난 입출식념의 유형」 ["The Types of the Ānāpānasati in the Saṃyuktāgama and Saṃyuttanikāya"], 『명상치료연구』 (The Korean Journal of Meditationtherapy), vol. 1, 1-15.
NAM, Soo-young (남수영). 2018. 「중관학파에서 무상정등각의 성취」 ["The Achievement of Perfect Enlightenment in Madhyamika"], 『불교학연구』 (Journal of Buddhist Studies), Vol. 55, 1-29. 10.21482/jbs.55..201806.1
NYANATILOKA, M. 1983. Guide Through the Abhidhamma-Pitaka, Kandy: Buddhist Pub. Socity.
SCHMITHAUSEN, Lambert. 1981. "On Some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of "Liberating Insight" and "Enlightenment" in Early Buddhism," in Studien ZumJainism und Buddhism, eds Klaus Bruhn and Albert Wezler, Wiesbanden: FranzSteiner, 199-250.
SHŌGO, Watanabe (渡辺章悟). 2009. 『金剛般若経の研究』 [A Study of the Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra], Tōkyō: Sankibo Busshorin.
VETTER, Tilmann. 1988. The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, Leiden: Brill Archive.
WILLIAMS, P. 1989. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, London: Routledge.

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 67
No :0
Pages :145-172
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.67..202106.145

[1] Abhidh-k-bh Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam of Vasubandhu, ed. P. PRADHAN, Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute, 1967.

[2] AN Anguttara-Nikāya, ed. R. MORRIS, E. HARDY, London: Pali Text Society, 1960(repr.).

[3] Aṣṭa Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā, ed. VAIDYA, P.L., Darbhanga: Mithilāvidyāpīṭha, 1960.

[4] DN Dīgha-Nikāya, ed. T. W. RHYS DAVIDS, J. E. CARPENTER, London: Pali Text Society, 1966-1976(repr.).

[5] MN Majjhima-Nikāya, ed. V. TRENCKNER/R. CHALMERS, London: Pali Text Society, 1977(repr.).

[6] NagS "The Nagaropamasūtra: An Apotropaic Text from the Saṃyuktāgama," Sanskrit-Texte aus dem buddhistischen Kanon: Neuentdeckungen und Neueditionen, ed. G. BONGARD-LEVIN, D. BOUCHER, T. FUKITA, K. WILLE, Dritte FOLGE, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1996.

[7] NidS A New Edition of the First 25 Sūtras of the Nidānasaṃyukta, ed. CHUNG, Jin-Il & Takamichi FUKITA, Tōkyō: Sankibō, 2020.

[8] PvsP Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā̄ (梵文二万五千頌般若経) I-I, ed.

[9] T. KIMURA, Tōkyō̄: Sankibō, 2007.

[10] Sbhv The Gilgit Manuscript of the Saṅghabhedavastu, Being the 17th and last Section of the Vinaya of the Mūlasarvāstivādin, ed. R. GNOLI, Roma: IsMEO, 1977, 1978.

[11] SN Saṃyutta-Nikāya, ed. L. FEER, London: Pali Text Society, 1991(repr.).

[12] Vaj Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā, Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection IV, Buddhist Manuscripts volume III, ed. Paul HARRISON and Shogo WATANABE (渡辺章悟), Oslo: Hermes Academic Publishing, 2006.

[13] Vin Vinayapiṭaka, ed. H. OLDENBERG, London: Pali Text Society, 1964(repr.).

[14] Vism Visuddhimagga, ed. Caroline A. F. RHYS DAVIDS, London: Pali Text Society, 1975(repr.).

[15] 『大般若波羅蜜多經』 T220

[16] 『大明度經』 T225

[17] 『大智度論』 T1509

[18] 『道行般若經』 T224

[19] 『根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事』 T1450

[20] 『雜阿含經』 T99

[21] 『增壹阿含經』 T125

[22] 『摩訶般若波羅蜜經』 T223

[23] 『彌沙塞部和醯五分律』 T1421

[24] 『四分律』 T1428

[25] 『緣起聖道經』 T714

[26] CONZE E. 1978. The Prajñāpāramitā literature, Tokyo: The Reiyukai.

[27] DAYAL Har. 1932. The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.

[28] FUNAYAMA, Toru (船山徹). 2013. 『仏典はどう漢訳されたのか』 [How Buddhist Scriptures Were Translated into Chinese], Tōkyō: 岩波書店 (Iwanami Shoten).

[29] KARASHIMA, Seishi (辛嶋静志). 2013. "Was the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Compiled in Gandhāra in Gāndhārī?", Tōkyō: The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University, vol. XVI, 171-188.

[30] KIM, SeongCheol (김성철). 2010. 「『유가사지론』「성문지」의 입출식」 ["Mindfulness of Breating in the Śravākabhūmi"], 『요가학연구』 (Journal of Yoga Studies) vol. 4, 65-89. 10.35771/engdoi.2010.23.4.003

[31] KIM, Hong mi (김홍미). 2008. 「『雜阿含經』과 Saṃyuttanikāya에 나타난 입출식념의 유형」 ["The Types of the Ānāpānasati in the Saṃyuktāgama and Saṃyuttanikāya"], 『명상치료연구』 (The Korean Journal of Meditationtherapy), vol. 1, 1-15.

[32] NAM, Soo-young (남수영). 2018. 「중관학파에서 무상정등각의 성취」 ["The Achievement of Perfect Enlightenment in Madhyamika"], 『불교학연구』 (Journal of Buddhist Studies), Vol. 55, 1-29. 10.21482/jbs.55..201806.1

[33] NYANATILOKA, M. 1983. Guide Through the Abhidhamma-Pitaka, Kandy: Buddhist Pub. Socity.

[34] SCHMITHAUSEN, Lambert. 1981. "On Some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of "Liberating Insight" and "Enlightenment" in Early Buddhism," in Studien ZumJainism und Buddhism, eds Klaus Bruhn and Albert Wezler, Wiesbanden: FranzSteiner, 199-250.

[35] SHŌGO, Watanabe (渡辺章悟). 2009. 『金剛般若経の研究』 [A Study of the Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra], Tōkyō: Sankibo Busshorin.

[36] VETTER, Tilmann. 1988. The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, Leiden: Brill Archive.

[37] WILLIAMS, P. 1989. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, London: Routledge.

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