자얀따의 『냐야만자리』(Nyāyamañjarī)에서 유가행파의 착오론 비판

doi:10.21482/jbs.75..202306.29

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자얀따의 『냐야만자리』(Nyāyamañjarī)에서 유가행파의 착오론 비판 A Study on Erroneous Cognition of Yogācāra in the Nyāyamañjarī: 조율희
CHO, Yulhui; 전남대학교 철학과 박사수료

Ph.D. Student, Department of Philosophy, Chonnam National University

30 June 2023. pp. 29∼55

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Abstract

This paper examines the Buddhist theory of error (khyāti) in the Nyāyamañjarī by Bhaṭṭa Jayanta. Jayanta uses the term vijñānādvaitavāda, the non-dualism of cognition, to refer to the position of later Yogācāra Buddhists. The term means that cognition’s subjective and objective aspects are equivalent to cognition itself. To criticize vijñānādvaitavāda, Jayanta introduces the debate between Yogācāra and Naiyāyika, focusing on the issue of whether the form (ākāra) belongs to cognition or external objects. Yogācāra argues that ākāra belongs to cognition, while Jayanta presents a counterargument that it belongs to external objects. In this context, Jayanta refutes Yogācāra’s theories of erroneous cognitions: “revelation of the non-existent” (asatkhyāti) and “revelation of the cognition itself” (ātmakhyāti). First, Jayanta refutes asatkhyāti by employing an inductive argument that there is no instance of an error caused by a completely non-existent thing (ekāntāsat). Next, Jayanta points out some logical problems of ātmakhyāti: cognition cannot be divided into two aspects either simultaneously or sequentially. In other words, Jayanta undermines the simultaneous cause-and-effect relationship between the apprehender (grāhaka) and the apprehended (grāhya), maintaining that if two factors are simultaneous then the identity of the two cannot be determined. Moreover, Jayanta disputes the sequential relationship between them since it conflicts with the principle of momentariness (kṣaṇikatā). This argument responds to the reasoning for the simultaneity and sequentiality of cognition, as shown in the Ālambanaparīkṣā verse 7ab by Dignāga. A closer reading of the theory of error in the Nyāyamañjarī confirms the internalist and externalist tendencies of Yogācāra and Nyāya, respectively.

Keywords

khyāti

Jayanta

Nyāyamañjarī

Yogācāra

vijñānādvaitavāda

Dignāga

Dharmakīrti

이 글에서는 9세기 경 인도 카슈미르에서 활동한 자얀따(Bhaṭṭa Jayanta)의 『냐야만자리』(Nyāyamañjarī, 이하 NM)에서 다뤄지고 있는 후기 유가행파의 착오론 비판에 대해 소개하고 그 함의를 확인한다. 여기서 자얀따는 불교 유가행파를 지칭하며 인식비이원론(vijñānādvaitavāda)이라는 명칭을 사용하고 있는데, 이 명칭에는 유가행파가 인식의 주관적 측면과 대상적 측면을 모두 인식으로 등치시키고 있다는 이해가 함축되어 있다. 인식비이원론을 비판하기 위해 자얀따는 ‘형상(ākāra)은 대상의 것인가, 인식의 것인가’라는 문제를 설정하고 유가행파와 가상의 논쟁을 펼친다. 이 문제에서 유가행파는 형상이 인식에 속한다고 논증하며, 자얀따는 형상이 외부 대상에 속한다는 입장에서 그에 대한 반론을 제시한다. 이 가운데 착오(khyāti)가 발생하는 방식에 대한 논의가 주요하게 다뤄지는데, 이때 유가행파의 착오론은 ‘비실재의 발현’(asatkhyāti)과 ‘인식 자체의 발현’(ātmakhyāti)으로 구획된다. 먼저 ‘비실재의 발현’에 대한 비판의 경우, 자얀따는 일상적으로 발생하는 착오의 여러 예시를 제시하면서 착각의 일종으로 발현되는 대상이 ‘완전한 비존재’가 아니라는 사실을 귀납적으로 논증하는 전략을 취한다. 다른 한편 ‘인식 자체의 발현’의 경우에 있어서 자얀따는 파악주관과 파악대상을 모두 인식 그 자체라고 주장할 때 발생하는 논리적 난점들을 지적하고 있다. 이 글에서는 NM에 나타난 착오론의 양상을 통해 냐야학파의 외재론적 입장과 불교도의 내재론적 입장을 확인하고, 동시에 형상(ākāra)의 진실성을 둘러싸고 유가행파가 두 노선으로 나뉘는 맥락을 구체적으로 확인한다.

키워드

착오론

자얀따

냐야만자리

유가행파

인식비이원론

디그나가

다르마끼르띠

References

◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 ABBREVIATIONS AND PRIMARY SOURCES

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NBh Nyāyabhāṣya, ed. THAKUR, Anantalal. 1997. Gautamīyanyāyadarśana with Bhāṣya of Vātsyāyana. New Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research.
NM Nyāyamañjarī, ed. VARADACHARYA, Vidwan K. S. 1983. Nyāyamañjarī of Jayantabhaṭṭa with Ṭippaṇī: Nyāyasaurabha, vol. 2 Mysore: Oriental Research Institute.
NS Nyāyasūtra, See NBh.
PSṬ Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā, ed. STEINKELLNER, Ernst, Helmut KRASSER and Horst LASIC, 2005. Jinendrabuddhiʼs Viśālāmalavatī Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā, Chapter 1, Part I: Critical Edition. Beijing-Vienna: China Tibetology Publishing House and Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
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PV 3 Pramāṇavārttika, See TOSAKI. 1979 & 1985.
PVin 1 Pramāṇaviniścaya, ed. STEINKELLNER, Ernst. 2007. Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇaviniścaya: Chapters 1 and 2, Critically edited, Beijing-Vienna: China Tibetology Publishing House and Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.

◆ 이차 문헌 SECONDARY LITERATURE

CHU, Junjie. 2006(2008). “On Dignāgaʼs theory of the object of cognition as presented in PS(V) 1,” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 29, no. 2, 211-253.
DESZŐ, Csaba. 2004. “‘Much Ado About Religion’: Critical Edition and Annotated Translation of the Āgamaḍambara, a Satirical Play by the ninth century Kashmirian philosopher Bhaṭṭa Jayanta,” D. Phil. thesis, Balliol College.
DUCKWORTH, Douglas et al. 2016. Dignāga’s Investigation of the Percept: A Philosophical Legacy in India and Tibet, NY: Oxford University Press.
FRESCHI, Elisa. 2010. “Facing the Boundaries of Epistemology: Kumārila on Error and Negative Cognition,” Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 38, 39-48. 10.1007/s10781-009-9079-7
GRAHELI, Alessandro. 2015. History and Transmission of the Nyāyamañjarī: Critical Edition of the Section on the Sphoṭa, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
__________. 2020. “Jayanta Bhaṭṭa’s Flowers of Reasoning,” in Controversial Reasoning in Indian Philosophy: Major Texts and Arguments on Arthāpatti, Malcolm Keating ed., London: Bloomsbury Academic Publishing.
HATTORI, Masaaki. 2020. “The Apoha Theory as Referred to in the Nyāyamañjarī,” in Apoha: Buddhist Nominalism and Human Cognition, Mark Siderits et al. eds., New York: Columbia University Press.
HAM, Hyoung Seok (함형석). 2020. 「악인의 저작에서 암흑의 텍스트로: 미망사학파의 인식의 본유적 타당성(svataḥprāmāṇya) 이론과 불교 베다 비판의 전환점」 [“From the Work of Evil Sages to the Meaningless Text: The Mīmāṃsaka Doctrine of svataḥprāmāṇya and the Change in Buddhist Critiques of the Veda”], 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 65, 1-27.
KAPSTEIN, Matthew T. 2018. “Who Wrote the Trisvabhāvanirdeśa? Reflections on an Enigmatic Text and Its Place in the History of Buddhist Philosophy,” Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 46, no. 1, 1-30. 10.1007/s10781-017-9334-2
KATAOKA, Kei (片岡啓). 2003. “Critical Edition of the Vijñānādvaitavāda Section of Bhaṭṭa Jayanta’s Nyāyamañjarī,” 『東洋文化研究所紀要』 (The Memoirs of Institute for Adavanced Studies on Asia) , vol. 144, 318(115)-278(155). Revised Version URL: https://www2.lit.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~kkataoka/Kataoka/NMvijR.pdf
__________. 2006. 「Jayantaの唯識批判: Nyāyamañjarī 「認識一元論批判」和訳」 [“Jayanta’s Critique of Vijñaptimātratā: An Annotated Translation of the Vijñānādvaitavāda Section of the Nyāyamañjarī”], 『哲学年報』 (Tetsugaku nenpo, *Annual of philosophy), vol. 65, 39-85.
__________. 2007. “Was Bhaṭṭa Jayanta a Paippalādin?,” in The Atharvaveda and its Paippalādaśākhā. Historical and Philological Papers on a Vedic Tradition. A. Griffiths, and A. Schmiedchen, eds., Aachen: Shaker Verlag, 313-327.
__________. 2017. “A Critical Edition of the Khyāti Section of the Nyāyamañjarī: Bhaṭṭa Jayanta on Akhyāti and Viparītakhyāti,” 『東洋文化研究所紀要』 (The Memoirs of Institute for Adavanced Studies on Asia) , vol. 171, 476(1)-401(76).
__________. 2018a. 「ジャヤンタの錯誤論: Nyāyamañjarī和訳」 [“Jayanta’s Theory of Error: A Japanese Translation of the Nyāyamañjarī”], 『哲学年報』 (Tetsugaku Nenpo, *Annual of philosophy), vol. 77, 1-69.
__________. 2018b. “A Critical Edition of the Latter Half of the Vijñānādvaitavāda Section of the Nyāyamañjarī: Bhaṭṭa Jayanta on Asatkhyāti and Ātmakhyāti,” 『東洋文化研究所紀要』 (The Memoirs of Institute for Adavanced Studies on Asia), vol. 173, 388(1)-332(57).
__________. 2019. 「唯識の錯誤説に対するJayantaの批判: Nyāyamañjarī「認識一元論批判」和訳(続)」 [“Jayanta’s Criticism of the Yogācāra Theories of Error: An Annotated Japanese Translation of the Vijnānādvaitavāda Section of Bhaṭṭa Jayanta’s Nyāyamañjarī”], 『哲学年報』 (Tetsugaku Nenpo, *Annual of philosophy), vol. 78, 7-46.
KELLNER, Birgit. 2010. “Self-Awareness (svasaṃvedana) in Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya and -vṛtti: A Close Reading,” Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 38, 203-231. 10.1007/s10781-010-9091-y
LEE, Ji Soo (이지수). 1996. 「인도철학에 있어서 착각의 문제」 [“The Problem of Illusory Perception in Indian Philosophy with Reference to the Nyāya System”], 『인도철학』 (The Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 6, 65-108.
LUGLI, Ligeia, GALASEK-HUL, Bruno, QUIÑONES, Luis G. 2019-2023. A Visual Dictionary and Thesaurus of Buddhist Sanskrit, mangalamresearch.shinyapps.io/VisualDictionaryOfBuddhistSanskrit/, accessed on 2023-02-03 . DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3716014.
MARUI, Hiroshi(丸井浩). 2014. 『ジャヤンタ硏究: 中世カシミールの文人が語るニヤーヤ哲学』 [A Study of Jayanta: The Nyāya philosophy as described by a medieval Kasumirian poet], Tokyo: 山喜房佛書林 (Sankibo Busshorin).
NEMEC, John. 2012. “The Two Pratyabhijñā Theories of Error,” Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 40, 225-257. 10.1007/s10781-011-9130-3
PELLEGRINI, Gianni. 2013. “Dream and Khyativāda: a Survey on analogies and differences,” Indologica Taurinensia, vol. 39, 213-236.
PHILLIPS, Stephen H. 2011. Epistemology in Classical India: The Knowledge Sources of the Nyāya School, NY: Routledge.
POTTER, Karl. H. 1977. Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume II: The Tradition of Nyāya-Vaiśeịka up to Gaṅgeśa, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
TOSAKI, Hiromasa (戶崎宏正). 1979. 『佛敎認識論の硏究(上): 法称著プラマーナ・ヴァールティカの現量論』[A Study of Buddhist Epistemology (I): Pratyakṣapariccheda of Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇavārttika] , Tokyo: 大同出版社 (Daitō Shuppansha).
__________. 1985. 『佛敎認識論の硏究(下): 法称著プラマーナ・ヴァールティカの現量論』 [A Study of Buddhist Epistemology (II): Pratyakṣapariccheda of Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇavārttika], Tokyo: 大同出版社 (Daitō Shuppansha).
WATSON, Alex and Kei KATAOKA, . 2010. “Bhaṭṭa Jayanta’s Refutation of the Yogācāra Buddhist Doctrine of Vijñānavāda: Annotated Translation and Analysis,” 『南アジア古典学』 (South Asian classical studies), vol. 5, 285-352.
__________. 2017. “The Apoha section of the Nyāyamañjarī,” in Reading Bhaṭṭa Jayanta on Buddhist Nominalism. McAllister, Patrick. ed., Wien: Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 35-80.
WATSON, Alex. 2014. “Light as an Analogy for Cognition in Buddhist Idealism (Vijñānavāda),” Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 42, 401-421. 10.1007/s10781-013-9192-5

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 75
No :0
Pages :29∼55
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.75..202306.29

[1] ĀP Ālambanaparīkṣā, See DUCKWORTH et al. 2016.

[2] NBh Nyāyabhāṣya, ed. THAKUR, Anantalal. 1997. Gautamīyanyāyadarśana with Bhāṣya of Vātsyāyana. New Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research.

[3] NM Nyāyamañjarī, ed. VARADACHARYA, Vidwan K. S. 1983. Nyāyamañjarī of Jayantabhaṭṭa with Ṭippaṇī: Nyāyasaurabha, vol. 2 Mysore: Oriental Research Institute.

[4] NS Nyāyasūtra, See NBh.

[5] PSṬ Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā, ed. STEINKELLNER, Ernst, Helmut KRASSER and Horst LASIC, 2005. Jinendrabuddhiʼs Viśālāmalavatī Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā, Chapter 1, Part I: Critical Edition. Beijing-Vienna: China Tibetology Publishing House and Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.

[6] PS(V) 1 Pramāṇasamuccaya(vṛtti), ed. STEINKELLNER, Ernst. 2005. Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya, Chapter 1. URL: http://ikga.oeaw.ac.at/Mat/dignaga_PS_1.pdf.

[7] PV 3 Pramāṇavārttika, See TOSAKI. 1979 & 1985.

[8] PVin 1 Pramāṇaviniścaya, ed. STEINKELLNER, Ernst. 2007. Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇaviniścaya: Chapters 1 and 2, Critically edited, Beijing-Vienna: China Tibetology Publishing House and Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.

[9] CHU, Junjie. 2006(2008). “On Dignāgaʼs theory of the object of cognition as presented in PS(V) 1,” Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 29, no. 2, 211-253.

[10] DESZŐ, Csaba. 2004. “‘Much Ado About Religion’: Critical Edition and Annotated Translation of the Āgamaḍambara, a Satirical Play by the ninth century Kashmirian philosopher Bhaṭṭa Jayanta,” D. Phil. thesis, Balliol College.

[11] DUCKWORTH, Douglas et al. 2016. Dignāga’s Investigation of the Percept: A Philosophical Legacy in India and Tibet, NY: Oxford University Press.

[12] FRESCHI, Elisa. 2010. “Facing the Boundaries of Epistemology: Kumārila on Error and Negative Cognition,” Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 38, 39-48. 10.1007/s10781-009-9079-7

[13] GRAHELI, Alessandro. 2015. History and Transmission of the Nyāyamañjarī: Critical Edition of the Section on the Sphoṭa, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

[14] __________. 2020. “Jayanta Bhaṭṭa’s Flowers of Reasoning,” in Controversial Reasoning in Indian Philosophy: Major Texts and Arguments on Arthāpatti, Malcolm Keating ed., London: Bloomsbury Academic Publishing.

[15] HATTORI, Masaaki. 2020. “The Apoha Theory as Referred to in the Nyāyamañjarī,” in Apoha: Buddhist Nominalism and Human Cognition, Mark Siderits et al. eds., New York: Columbia University Press.

[16] HAM, Hyoung Seok (함형석). 2020. 「악인의 저작에서 암흑의 텍스트로: 미망사학파의 인식의 본유적 타당성(svataḥprāmāṇya) 이론과 불교 베다 비판의 전환점」 [“From the Work of Evil Sages to the Meaningless Text: The Mīmāṃsaka Doctrine of svataḥprāmāṇya and the Change in Buddhist Critiques of the Veda”], 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 65, 1-27.

[17] KAPSTEIN, Matthew T. 2018. “Who Wrote the Trisvabhāvanirdeśa? Reflections on an Enigmatic Text and Its Place in the History of Buddhist Philosophy,” Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 46, no. 1, 1-30. 10.1007/s10781-017-9334-2

[18] KATAOKA, Kei (片岡啓). 2003. “Critical Edition of the Vijñānādvaitavāda Section of Bhaṭṭa Jayanta’s Nyāyamañjarī,” 『東洋文化研究所紀要』 (The Memoirs of Institute for Adavanced Studies on Asia) , vol. 144, 318(115)-278(155). Revised Version URL: https://www2.lit.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~kkataoka/Kataoka/NMvijR.pdf

[19] __________. 2006. 「Jayantaの唯識批判: Nyāyamañjarī 「認識一元論批判」和訳」 [“Jayanta’s Critique of Vijñaptimātratā: An Annotated Translation of the Vijñānādvaitavāda Section of the Nyāyamañjarī”], 『哲学年報』 (Tetsugaku nenpo, *Annual of philosophy), vol. 65, 39-85.

[20] __________. 2007. “Was Bhaṭṭa Jayanta a Paippalādin?,” in The Atharvaveda and its Paippalādaśākhā. Historical and Philological Papers on a Vedic Tradition. A. Griffiths, and A. Schmiedchen, eds., Aachen: Shaker Verlag, 313-327.

[21] __________. 2017. “A Critical Edition of the Khyāti Section of the Nyāyamañjarī: Bhaṭṭa Jayanta on Akhyāti and Viparītakhyāti,” 『東洋文化研究所紀要』 (The Memoirs of Institute for Adavanced Studies on Asia) , vol. 171, 476(1)-401(76).

[22] __________. 2018a. 「ジャヤンタの錯誤論: Nyāyamañjarī和訳」 [“Jayanta’s Theory of Error: A Japanese Translation of the Nyāyamañjarī”], 『哲学年報』 (Tetsugaku Nenpo, *Annual of philosophy), vol. 77, 1-69.

[23] __________. 2018b. “A Critical Edition of the Latter Half of the Vijñānādvaitavāda Section of the Nyāyamañjarī: Bhaṭṭa Jayanta on Asatkhyāti and Ātmakhyāti,” 『東洋文化研究所紀要』 (The Memoirs of Institute for Adavanced Studies on Asia), vol. 173, 388(1)-332(57).

[24] __________. 2019. 「唯識の錯誤説に対するJayantaの批判: Nyāyamañjarī「認識一元論批判」和訳(続)」 [“Jayanta’s Criticism of the Yogācāra Theories of Error: An Annotated Japanese Translation of the Vijnānādvaitavāda Section of Bhaṭṭa Jayanta’s Nyāyamañjarī”], 『哲学年報』 (Tetsugaku Nenpo, *Annual of philosophy), vol. 78, 7-46.

[25] KELLNER, Birgit. 2010. “Self-Awareness (svasaṃvedana) in Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya and -vṛtti: A Close Reading,” Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 38, 203-231. 10.1007/s10781-010-9091-y

[26] LEE, Ji Soo (이지수). 1996. 「인도철학에 있어서 착각의 문제」 [“The Problem of Illusory Perception in Indian Philosophy with Reference to the Nyāya System”], 『인도철학』 (The Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 6, 65-108.

[27] LUGLI, Ligeia, GALASEK-HUL, Bruno, QUIÑONES, Luis G. 2019-2023. A Visual Dictionary and Thesaurus of Buddhist Sanskrit, mangalamresearch.shinyapps.io/VisualDictionaryOfBuddhistSanskrit/, accessed on 2023-02-03 . DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3716014.

[28] MARUI, Hiroshi(丸井浩). 2014. 『ジャヤンタ硏究: 中世カシミールの文人が語るニヤーヤ哲学』 [A Study of Jayanta: The Nyāya philosophy as described by a medieval Kasumirian poet], Tokyo: 山喜房佛書林 (Sankibo Busshorin).

[29] NEMEC, John. 2012. “The Two Pratyabhijñā Theories of Error,” Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 40, 225-257. 10.1007/s10781-011-9130-3

[30] PELLEGRINI, Gianni. 2013. “Dream and Khyativāda: a Survey on analogies and differences,” Indologica Taurinensia, vol. 39, 213-236.

[31] PHILLIPS, Stephen H. 2011. Epistemology in Classical India: The Knowledge Sources of the Nyāya School, NY: Routledge.

[32] POTTER, Karl. H. 1977. Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume II: The Tradition of Nyāya-Vaiśeịka up to Gaṅgeśa, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

[33] TOSAKI, Hiromasa (戶崎宏正). 1979. 『佛敎認識論の硏究(上): 法称著プラマーナ・ヴァールティカの現量論』[A Study of Buddhist Epistemology (I): Pratyakṣapariccheda of Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇavārttika] , Tokyo: 大同出版社 (Daitō Shuppansha).

[34] __________. 1985. 『佛敎認識論の硏究(下): 法称著プラマーナ・ヴァールティカの現量論』 [A Study of Buddhist Epistemology (II): Pratyakṣapariccheda of Dharmakīrti’s Pramāṇavārttika], Tokyo: 大同出版社 (Daitō Shuppansha).

[35] WATSON, Alex and Kei KATAOKA, . 2010. “Bhaṭṭa Jayanta’s Refutation of the Yogācāra Buddhist Doctrine of Vijñānavāda: Annotated Translation and Analysis,” 『南アジア古典学』 (South Asian classical studies), vol. 5, 285-352.

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