투고논문

30 September 2026. pp. 149∼176
Abstract
Saṇghavarman’s translation of the Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra (LSkhv-Sv) and all translations of this sutra distinguish three categories of those who attain rebirth in Sukhāvatī (the Pure Land): upper, middle, and lower. Known as the “Three Stages of Rebirth” (三輩), these categories are particularly clearly distinguished in the early translations and the LSkhv-Sv: the upper group consists of monastics, the middle group of those who practice generosity, and the lower group of those unable to do so.
However, in later versions, this structure disappears and the classifications become more uniform. Since sutras can generally be understood as the Buddha’s teachings shaped by their historical contexts, the early structure can be interpreted as an indirect reflection of the caste-based society of the time.
This interpretation rests on two premises: Indian-language texts corresponding to the early translations existed, and the “Three Stages” changed from the early period through the LSkhv-Sv to the later period. To explore whether the early “Three Stages” can be interpreted as a caste-based structure, this study examines the Mūlasarvāstivāda-Vinaya, which shared a temporal and spatial context with the LSkhv-Sv. Repeated references to the Indian four-caste system in this Vinaya suggest that the Buddhist monastic community of the time, comprising the fourfold assembly, remained substantially subject to the influence and stereotypes of that system.
If the LSkhv-Sv and Mūlasarvāstivāda shared the same social context, the upper, middle, and lower classification can be understood as partially accommodating the dominant caste system of contemporary Indian society and the public stereotypes it generated, while expressing Buddhist ideals of equality within that structure. It can thus be interpreted as an educational strategy that offered the lower classes opportunities for salvation without conflicting with the social order of the time. This strategy first met the general public at their level of understanding to win them over, then gradually introduced Buddhist teachings.
강승개(康僧鎧) 역 『무량수경(無量壽經)』과 그것의 모든 이역본에는 상·중·하로 분류되는 세 부류의 왕생자가 있다. 소위 「삼배단(三輩段)」이라 불리는 이 왕생자 단락은 특히 초기 이역본과 『무량수경』의 경우 상배는 출가자, 중배는 보시하는 자, 하배는 보시할 수 없는 자로 뚜렷한 윤곽을 보이지만, 후기에서는 이 형태가 소멸하면서 평준화된다. 일반적으로 경전이라는 것은 석가모니의 가르침에 당시 시대적 맥락이 개입되었다고 볼 수 있으므로, 초기의 이러한 구조는 당시 신분제 사회를 간접 투영한 것으로 파악될 수 있다.
이때 초기 이역본에 상당하는 인도어 본의 존재와 「삼배단」이 초기에서 『무량수경』을 거쳐 후기로 변천 과정을 거쳤다는 것을 전제로 한 후, 초기의 「삼배단」이 신분제 구조로 해석될 가능성을 보고자 당시 『무량수경』과 시공간적 접점을 공유하는 근본설일체유부의 율장을 조망하였다. 해당 율장에서는 반복적으로 인도의 사성계급과 관련된 사항들이 언급됨을 확인할 수 있으며, 이를 통해 사부대중으로 이루어진 당시 불교 승단 또한 신분제의 영향력과 그 고정관념에서 크게 벗어나지 않았음을 유추해 볼 수 있다.
결론적으로 『무량수경』과 근본설일체유부가 같은 사회적 맥락을 공유하고 있었다면, 이 같은 상·중·하의 분류는 당시 인도 사회의 지배적인 신분제도와 그로 인해 형성된 대중들의 고정관념을 부분적으로 수용하고, 그 구조 안에서 불교의 평등사상이 반영된 구조로 볼 수 있으며, 당대 사회질서와 충돌하지 않으면서 하위 계층에게 구원의 기회를 주는 일종의 교화 전략이라고 평가할 수 있다. 한마디로 대중들의 눈높이에 먼저 맞추어 포섭한 후 불교식 교학으로 스며들게 한 것이다.
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Information
  • Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
  • Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
  • Journal Title :Korean Journal of Buddhist Studies
  • Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
  • Volume : 88
  • Pages :149∼176