투고논문

30 June 2025. pp. 99∼131
Abstract
In contemporary society, meditation has become increasingly popular due to its perceived practical benefits, such as stress reduction, emotional regulation, and improved attention. However, this widespread adoption has raised concerns about the decontextualization of meditation’s original soteriological and ethical foundations. This study explores the transformation of early Buddhist sati into modern mindfulness, critically examining how the concept of meditation has been restructured in response to modern psychological and clinical demands.
First, drawing on the Nikāyas, the study identifies the goal of early Buddhist meditation as the cessation of suffering and an ontological transformation of being. Within this framework, sati functions as a central meditative faculty, integrating memory, attentional vigilance, and ethical sensitivity. Second, the analysis considers how modern mindfulness—particularly as practiced in programs such as MBSR and MBCT—has preserved certain functional aspects of sati while recasting it as a psychological tool, often omitting its ontological dimension. Although this shift has been criticized as a departure from early Buddhist aims, the study also considers whether this transformation might be understood as a contextual reinterpretation rather than a rupture. Third, by drawing on neuroscientific research, the study examines how meditation can produce not only altered states but also long-term changes in psychological traits, known as altered traits. The reorganization of neural circuits related to attention, stress resilience, self-awareness, and compassion may indicate a continued alignment with early Buddhism’s transformative vision.
Ultimately, the study argues for a critical continuity between early Buddhist practice and modern mindfulness, proposing that the enduring value of meditation lies in its capacity for long-term transformation achieved through sustained practice.
현대 사회에서 명상은 스트레스 완화, 정서 조절, 주의력 향상 등 실용적 효과에 대한 기대와 함께 빠르게 대중화되었다. 그러나 이러한 확산 과정에서 명상의 윤리적·존재론적 기반은 점차 탈맥락화되었으며, 초기불교가 지향했던 해탈의 목적 역시 약화되었다는 비판이 제기되어 왔다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제의식에 기반하여, 초기불교 명상이 괴로움의 종식과 존재 방식의 전환을 지향하는 수행임을 밝히고, 그 핵심 요소인 사띠(sati)의 기억·주의·윤리적 감수성이 통합된 수행적 기능을 분석하였다.
이어지는 논의에서는 20세기 후반 이후 MBSR, MBCT 등 심리치료적 맥락에서 재구성된 마음챙김(Mindfulness) 개념이 어떻게 초기불교의 일부 수행 요소를 계승하면서도, 해탈이라는 존재론적 지향을 소거한 채 정서 조절과 자기 효율성 향상을 중심으로 전개되었는지를 고찰하였다. 이러한 변용은 사띠의 수행적 맥락을 실용적 도구로 축소시켰다는 점에서 비판의 대상이 되었으나, 본 연구는 그러한 과정에서도 마음챙김이 수행적 기능의 일부를 어떻게 재구성해 왔는지를 분석하고, 그 이론적 가능성과 실천적 함의를 비판적으로 조명하였다. 아울러 최근 신경과학에서 제시된 ‘변형된 상태(altered states)’와 ‘변형된 특성(altered traits)’의 구분을 바탕으로, 명상이 단기적인 생리·심리 상태 조절을 넘어 인지·정서적 특성의 장기적인 변화 가능성을 지닌다는 점을 검토하였다. 특히 주의 조절, 자기 인식, 공감, 스트레스 회복과 관련된 신경 회로의 반복적 재조직화는 초기불교 수행이 지향한 존재론적 전환과 실질적 접점을 형성함을 보여준다.
이러한 분석을 통해 본 연구는 명상의 현대적 전개를 단순한 전통의 단절로 보지 않고, 시대적 요청에 대응한 비판적 연속성의 관점에서 해석하고자 하였다. 명상의 현대적 가치는 반복 수행을 통한 성향의 변화에 있으며, 초기불교 수행의 존재론적 기반은 오늘날에도 여전히 유의미한 실천적 자산으로 기능할 수 있음을 제시하였다. 이에 본 연구는 초기불교 수행법의 현대적 적용 가능성과 이론적 통합의 방향을 제안한다는 점에서 학술적 의의를 지닌다.
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Information
  • Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
  • Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
  • Journal Title :Korean Journal of Buddhist Studies
  • Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
  • Volume : 83
  • Pages :99∼131