인무아 교설의 진위적 위상 
－『유식이십론』과 『석궤론』을 중심으로－

doi:10.21482/jbs.88..202609.205

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투고논문

인무아 교설의 진위적 위상 －『유식이십론』과 『석궤론』을 중심으로－ The Truth-Status of the Teaching of Pudgalanairātmya: With a Focus on the Viṃśikā and the Vyākhyāyukti: 이길산
LEE, Gilsan; 경남대학교 교양교육연구소 조교수

Assistant Professor, Institute for General Education Research, Kyungnam University

30 September 2026. pp. 205∼233

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Abstract

The Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda school understands selflessness on two levels, that of the person (pudgalanairātmya) and that of dharmas (dharmanairātmya), the former usually being taught first. If dharmanairātmya is true without restriction, is the teaching of pudgalanairātmya true or false? This paper pursues the question through the Viṃśikā and the Vyākhyāyukti. Viṃśikā vv. 8-10 concerns only the benefit of the teaching of the twelve āyatanas, not its truth-value. Even in the Vyākhyāyukti’s fourth chapter, which raises the question explicitly, the argument from analogy secures the non-deceptiveness of the utterance, not its truth. Nor does efficacy constitute truth: a non-veridical conceptualization conduces to purification not because it is useful but because the state of affairs underlying the utterance exists. The question thus passes to ontology. The threefold ontology of saṃvṛtisat, dravyasat and paramārthasat in the Vyākhyāyukti’s reading of the Paramārthaśūnyatāsūtra can be seen as synthesizing the two accounts of the two truths in the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya. The view it implies is here called a level-relative conception of truth: truth-value depends on whether the cognition to which an utterance belongs counts as a valid means of knowledge (pramāṇa). The teaching secures its referent at the level of dravyasat, while its validity is grounded at the inexpressible level. It is therefore neither unconditionally true nor simply false, and its truth-value can be asked only once a level is specified. That Vasubandhu never answered the question head-on can be understood as a consequence of this conception.

Keywords

Vasubandhu

Pudgalanairātmya

Viṃśikā

Vyākhyāyukti

Abhidharmakośabhāṣya

Two Truths

Threefold Ontology

Level-relative Truth

유가행 유식학파는 무아를 인무아와 법무아의 두 차원에서 이해하며, 통상 전자의 교설이 후자에 선행한다. 그렇다면 법무아가 제한 없이 참일 때, 인무아 교설은 참인가 거짓인가? 본고는 『유식이십론』과 『석궤론』을 중심으로 이 물음을 다룬다. 『이십론』 제8-10송이 다루고 있는 것은 12처 교설의 효용이지 진리치가 아니다. 이 물음을 명시적으로 제기하는 『석궤론』 제4장에서도 유비 논증이 확보하는 것은 발화의 비기만성이지 진리성이 아니다. 나아가 효용성 역시 진리성을 구성하지 못한다. 여실하지 않은 변계가 청정에 기여하는 근거로 제시되는 것은 그 유용성이 아니라 발화의 바탕이 되는 사태의 존재이기 때문이다. 이에 문제는 존재론으로 넘어간다. 『석궤론』의 『승의공경』 해석에서 제시되는 세속유·실체유·승의유의 3층 존재론은 『구사론』「현성품」의 두 가지 2제 이해를 종합한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 본고는 이 구도가 함축하는 진리관을 ‘층위 상대적 진리관’이라 부른다. 여기서 진리치는 발화가 귀속되는 앎이 바른 인식수단으로 인정되는가에 따라 할당된다. 이에 따르면 인무아 교설은 실체유의 층위에서 지시체를 확보하되 성립의 근거는 불가언설의 층위에서 얻는다. 따라서 그것은 무조건적으로 참도 단적으로 거짓도 아니며, 그 진위는 층위를 지정한 뒤에야 비로소 물을 수 있다. 바수반두가 진리치 물음에 정면으로 답하지 않은 것도 이러한 진리관의 귀결로 이해할 수 있다.

키워드

바수반두

인무아

『유식이십론』

『석궤론』

『아비달마구사론』

2제

3층 존재론

층위 상대적 진리관

References

◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 Abbreviations and Primary Sources

T Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新修大藏經, ed. by TAKAKUSU Junjirō 高楠順次郞 and WATANABE Kaikyoku 渡邊海旭, 100 vols. Tokyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924-1935.

『唯識二十論述記』 T1834.

◆ 이차 문헌 Secondary Literature

AHN, Sungdoo 안성두. 2019. 「유식의 법무아 해석과 그 증득 방법」 [“Meaning of the Dharmanairātmya and the Way to its Realization in the Early Yogācāra Texts”], 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 56, 5-36. 10.32761/kjip.2019..56.001
CHO, Yulhui 조율희. 2026. 『불교 지각 담론의 재구성 : 샨따락쉬따와 까말라쉴라의 『진실의 집대성』 <지각 정의에 대한 고찰> 연구』 [Reconfiguring the Buddhist Discourses on Perception: A Study of the Pratyakṣalakṣaṇaparīkṣā in the Tattvasaṅgraha and its Pañjikā], Ph.D. dissertation, Chonnam National University.
HORIUCHI, Toshio 堀内俊郎. 2009. 『世親の大乗仏説論 : 『釈軌論』第四章を中心に』 [Vasubandhu’s Proof of the Authenticity of the Mahāyāna as Found in the Fourth Chapter of His Vyākhyāyukti], 東京 : 山喜房佛書林 (Tōkyō : Sankibō Busshorin).
_______. 2023. “What are the “Purposes” of Buddhist Sūtras? From Vasubandhu’s Logic of Exegesis (Vyākhyāyukti),” Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 51, 539-566. 10.1007/s10781-023-09542-8
KANG, Hyong-chol 강형철, YOO, Ri 유리, and GU, Misuk 구미숙. 2025. 『유식이십론 : 다섯 가지 버전과 상세한 해설로 읽다』 [Viṃśikā : Translations of the Five Versions and a Comprehensive Exegesis], 서울 : 씨아이알 (Seoul : CIR).
KARASHIMA, Seishi 辛嶋静志. 2012. Tr. by HA, Youngsu 하영수. 「一闡提(icchantika)는 누구인가?」 [“Who were Icchantikas?”], 『불교학리뷰』 (Critical Review for Buddhist Studies), vol. 12, 303-321.
KIM, Jae Gweon 김재권. 2009. 「초기 유가행파의 존재론의 형태와 그 의의 - 삼성과 이제의 관계를 중심으로 -」 [“The Structure of the Ontology of the Early Yogācāra-vijñānavāda and Its Significance: With Special Reference to the Relationship between the Three Natures and the Two Truths”], 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 27, 283-313. 10.32761/kjip.2009..27.009
LEE, Gilsan 이길산. 2021. 『『유식이십론』 연구 : 관념론적 해석을 중심으로』 [A Study on Viṃśikā : Focused on the Idealist Interpretation], Ph.D. dissertation, Seoul National University.
_______. 2024. 「『유식이십론』의 논변 전략에 대하여」 [“On the Argumentative Strategy of Viṃśikā”], 『한국불교학』 (Journal of Korean Association for Buddhist Studies), vol. 109, 41-65. 10.22255/JKABS.109.02.
LEE, Jong Cheol 이종철. 1997. 「12處考」 [“A Study of the Twelve Āyatanas”], 『伽山學報』 (Kasan Hakpo), vol. 6, 187-201.
_______. 2005. Abhidharmakośabhāṣya of Vasubandhu, Chapter IX: Ātmavādapratiṣedha (Bibliotheca Indologica et Buddhologica 11), Tokyo : Sankibo Press.
_______. 2015. 『구사론 : 계품·근품·파아품 : 신도 영혼도 없는 삶』 [Abhidharmakośabhāṣya - Life without God and Soul], 성남: 한국학중앙연구원출판부 (Seongnam : The Academy of Korean Studies Press).
LEE, Youngjin 이영진. 2013. 「아리야 비묵띠세나의 현관장엄론에 대한 주석(Abhisamayālaṅkāravṛtti) 중 “수행의 그릇, 인식대상, 목표(pratipatter ādhārālambanoddeśāḥ)” 장에 관한 역주」 [“An Annotated Translation of the Chapter “The Basis, Object, and Aim of Practice (pratipatter ādhārālambanoddeśāḥ)” in Ārya Vimuktisena’s Abhisamayālaṅkāravṛtti”], 『불교학리뷰』 (Critical Review for Buddhist Studies), vol. 13, 143-190.
_______. 2025. 「『사소성지』의 ‘궁극적 실재’ : 인무아와 법무아의 병존」 [“Ultimate Reality (Paramārtha) in the Cintāmayī Bhūmiḥ : The Juxtaposition of Selflessness of Persons and Selflessness of Phenomena”], 『철학연구』 (Journal of Korean Philosophical Society), vol. 176, 333-360. 10.20293/jokps.2025.176.333
MATILAL, Bimal Krishna. 1986. Perception : An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge, Oxford : Clarendon Press.
MATSUDA, Kazunobu 松田和信. 1985. 「Vyākhyāyukti の二諦説」 [“On the Two Truths in the Vyākhyāyukti of Vasubandhu”], 『印度学仏教学研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 33 no. 2, 114-120.
MORO, Shigeki 師茂樹. 2018. “Four levels of the Twofold Truth in the East Asian Yogācāra School”, 『불교학연구』 (Korean Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 54, 75-94. 10.21482/jbs.54..201803.75
NAGAO, Gadjin 長尾雅人. 1982. 『摂大乗論 : 和訳と注解上』 [Mahāyānasaṁgraha : Japanese Translation and Commentary, Vol. 1], 東京 : 講談社 (Tōkyō : Kōdansha).
_______. 2007. 『『大乗荘厳経論』和訳と註解 : 長尾雅人研究ノート』 [Japanese translation and Commentary on Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra: Research Notes by Gadjin Nagao], 京都 : 長尾文庫 (Kyōto : Nagao Bunko).
PARK, Changhwan 박창환. 2010. 「구사논주 세친의 극미(paramāṇu) 실체론 비판과 그 인식론적 함의」 [“Vasubandhu’s Critique of the Substantial View of Atoms (paramāṇu) and its Epistemological Implications”], 『불교학리뷰』 (Critical Review for Buddhist Studies), vol. 8, 221-292.
PRADHAN, Prahlad. 1967. Abhidharma-kośabhāṣya of Vasubandhu, Patna : K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute.
RUEGG, D. Seyfort. 1985. “Purport, Implicature and Presupposition : Sanskrit abhiprāya and Tibetan dgoṅs pa/dgoṅs gži as Hermeneutical Concepts”, Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 13, 309-325. 10.1007/BF00160985
SIDERITS, Mark. 2007. Buddhism as Philosophy: An Introduction, Aldershot : Ashgate Pub. ; Indianapolis : Hackett Pub.
SILK, Jonathan A.. 2018. Materials Toward the Study of Vasubandhu’s Viṃśikā (I) - Sanskrit and Tibetan Critical Editions of the Verses and Autocommentary, An English Translation and Annotations (Harvard Oriental Series 81), Cambridge : Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies, 2016. ( 2018 for the Open Access Edition: https://www.academia.edu/37086356 )
TAKAHASHI, Kōichi 高橋晃一. 2005. 『『菩薩地』「真実義品」から「摂決択分菩薩地」への思想展開 - Vastu 概念を中心として』 [The Development of Thought from the “Tattvārtha Chapter” of the Bodhisattvabhūmi to the Bodhisattvabhūmi of the Viniścayasaṃgrahaṇī: With a Focus on the Concept of Vastu], 東京 : 山喜房佛書林 (Tōkyō : Sankibō Busshorin).
WOGIHARA, Unrai. 1936. Sphuṭārthā Abhidharmakośavyākhyā, Tōkyō : Publishing Association of Abhidharmakosavyakhya.
YI, Kwoowan 이규완. 2022. 『하운의 유식이십론술기 한글역』 [A Korean Translation of Kuiji’s Weishi Ershilun Shuji], 서울 : 씨아이알 (Seoul : CIR).

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korean Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 88
Pages :205∼233
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.88..202609.205

[1] T Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新修大藏經, ed. by TAKAKUSU Junjirō 高楠順次郞 and WATANABE Kaikyoku 渡邊海旭, 100 vols. Tokyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924-1935.

[2] 『唯識二十論述記』 T1834.

[3] AHN, Sungdoo 안성두. 2019. 「유식의 법무아 해석과 그 증득 방법」 [“Meaning of the Dharmanairātmya and the Way to its Realization in the Early Yogācāra Texts”], 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 56, 5-36. 10.32761/kjip.2019..56.001

[4] CHO, Yulhui 조율희. 2026. 『불교 지각 담론의 재구성 : 샨따락쉬따와 까말라쉴라의 『진실의 집대성』 <지각 정의에 대한 고찰> 연구』 [Reconfiguring the Buddhist Discourses on Perception: A Study of the Pratyakṣalakṣaṇaparīkṣā in the Tattvasaṅgraha and its Pañjikā], Ph.D. dissertation, Chonnam National University.

[5] HORIUCHI, Toshio 堀内俊郎. 2009. 『世親の大乗仏説論 : 『釈軌論』第四章を中心に』 [Vasubandhu’s Proof of the Authenticity of the Mahāyāna as Found in the Fourth Chapter of His Vyākhyāyukti], 東京 : 山喜房佛書林 (Tōkyō : Sankibō Busshorin).

[6] _______. 2023. “What are the “Purposes” of Buddhist Sūtras? From Vasubandhu’s Logic of Exegesis (Vyākhyāyukti),” Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 51, 539-566. 10.1007/s10781-023-09542-8

[7] KANG, Hyong-chol 강형철, YOO, Ri 유리, and GU, Misuk 구미숙. 2025. 『유식이십론 : 다섯 가지 버전과 상세한 해설로 읽다』 [Viṃśikā : Translations of the Five Versions and a Comprehensive Exegesis], 서울 : 씨아이알 (Seoul : CIR).

[8] KARASHIMA, Seishi 辛嶋静志. 2012. Tr. by HA, Youngsu 하영수. 「一闡提(icchantika)는 누구인가?」 [“Who were Icchantikas?”], 『불교학리뷰』 (Critical Review for Buddhist Studies), vol. 12, 303-321.

[9] KIM, Jae Gweon 김재권. 2009. 「초기 유가행파의 존재론의 형태와 그 의의 - 삼성과 이제의 관계를 중심으로 -」 [“The Structure of the Ontology of the Early Yogācāra-vijñānavāda and Its Significance: With Special Reference to the Relationship between the Three Natures and the Two Truths”], 『인도철학』 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 27, 283-313. 10.32761/kjip.2009..27.009

[10] LEE, Gilsan 이길산. 2021. 『『유식이십론』 연구 : 관념론적 해석을 중심으로』 [A Study on Viṃśikā : Focused on the Idealist Interpretation], Ph.D. dissertation, Seoul National University.

[11] _______. 2024. 「『유식이십론』의 논변 전략에 대하여」 [“On the Argumentative Strategy of Viṃśikā”], 『한국불교학』 (Journal of Korean Association for Buddhist Studies), vol. 109, 41-65. 10.22255/JKABS.109.02.

[12] LEE, Jong Cheol 이종철. 1997. 「12處考」 [“A Study of the Twelve Āyatanas”], 『伽山學報』 (Kasan Hakpo), vol. 6, 187-201.

[13] _______. 2005. Abhidharmakośabhāṣya of Vasubandhu, Chapter IX: Ātmavādapratiṣedha (Bibliotheca Indologica et Buddhologica 11), Tokyo : Sankibo Press.

[14] _______. 2015. 『구사론 : 계품·근품·파아품 : 신도 영혼도 없는 삶』 [Abhidharmakośabhāṣya - Life without God and Soul], 성남: 한국학중앙연구원출판부 (Seongnam : The Academy of Korean Studies Press).

[15] LEE, Youngjin 이영진. 2013. 「아리야 비묵띠세나의 현관장엄론에 대한 주석(Abhisamayālaṅkāravṛtti) 중 “수행의 그릇, 인식대상, 목표(pratipatter ādhārālambanoddeśāḥ)” 장에 관한 역주」 [“An Annotated Translation of the Chapter “The Basis, Object, and Aim of Practice (pratipatter ādhārālambanoddeśāḥ)” in Ārya Vimuktisena’s Abhisamayālaṅkāravṛtti”], 『불교학리뷰』 (Critical Review for Buddhist Studies), vol. 13, 143-190.

[16] _______. 2025. 「『사소성지』의 ‘궁극적 실재’ : 인무아와 법무아의 병존」 [“Ultimate Reality (Paramārtha) in the Cintāmayī Bhūmiḥ : The Juxtaposition of Selflessness of Persons and Selflessness of Phenomena”], 『철학연구』 (Journal of Korean Philosophical Society), vol. 176, 333-360. 10.20293/jokps.2025.176.333

[17] MATILAL, Bimal Krishna. 1986. Perception : An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge, Oxford : Clarendon Press.

[18] MATSUDA, Kazunobu 松田和信. 1985. 「Vyākhyāyukti の二諦説」 [“On the Two Truths in the Vyākhyāyukti of Vasubandhu”], 『印度学仏教学研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 33 no. 2, 114-120.

[19] MORO, Shigeki 師茂樹. 2018. “Four levels of the Twofold Truth in the East Asian Yogācāra School”, 『불교학연구』 (Korean Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 54, 75-94. 10.21482/jbs.54..201803.75

[20] NAGAO, Gadjin 長尾雅人. 1982. 『摂大乗論 : 和訳と注解上』 [Mahāyānasaṁgraha : Japanese Translation and Commentary, Vol. 1], 東京 : 講談社 (Tōkyō : Kōdansha).

[21] _______. 2007. 『『大乗荘厳経論』和訳と註解 : 長尾雅人研究ノート』 [Japanese translation and Commentary on Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra: Research Notes by Gadjin Nagao], 京都 : 長尾文庫 (Kyōto : Nagao Bunko).

[22] PARK, Changhwan 박창환. 2010. 「구사논주 세친의 극미(paramāṇu) 실체론 비판과 그 인식론적 함의」 [“Vasubandhu’s Critique of the Substantial View of Atoms (paramāṇu) and its Epistemological Implications”], 『불교학리뷰』 (Critical Review for Buddhist Studies), vol. 8, 221-292.

[23] PRADHAN, Prahlad. 1967. Abhidharma-kośabhāṣya of Vasubandhu, Patna : K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute.

[24] RUEGG, D. Seyfort. 1985. “Purport, Implicature and Presupposition : Sanskrit abhiprāya and Tibetan dgoṅs pa/dgoṅs gži as Hermeneutical Concepts”, Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 13, 309-325. 10.1007/BF00160985

[25] SIDERITS, Mark. 2007. Buddhism as Philosophy: An Introduction, Aldershot : Ashgate Pub. ; Indianapolis : Hackett Pub.

[26] SILK, Jonathan A.. 2018. Materials Toward the Study of Vasubandhu’s Viṃśikā (I) - Sanskrit and Tibetan Critical Editions of the Verses and Autocommentary, An English Translation and Annotations (Harvard Oriental Series 81), Cambridge : Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies, 2016. ( 2018 for the Open Access Edition: https://www.academia.edu/37086356 )

[27] TAKAHASHI, Kōichi 高橋晃一. 2005. 『『菩薩地』「真実義品」から「摂決択分菩薩地」への思想展開 - Vastu 概念を中心として』 [The Development of Thought from the “Tattvārtha Chapter” of the Bodhisattvabhūmi to the Bodhisattvabhūmi of the Viniścayasaṃgrahaṇī: With a Focus on the Concept of Vastu], 東京 : 山喜房佛書林 (Tōkyō : Sankibō Busshorin).

[28] WOGIHARA, Unrai. 1936. Sphuṭārthā Abhidharmakośavyākhyā, Tōkyō : Publishing Association of Abhidharmakosavyakhya.

[29] YI, Kwoowan 이규완. 2022. 『하운의 유식이십론술기 한글역』 [A Korean Translation of Kuiji’s Weishi Ershilun Shuji], 서울 : 씨아이알 (Seoul : CIR).

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