‘연화장세계’에 대한 화엄교학의 해석 －법장(法藏)과 이통현(李通玄)의 주석을 중심으로

doi:10.21482/jbs.80..202409.33

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투고논문

‘연화장세계’에 대한 화엄교학의 해석 －법장(法藏)과 이통현(李通玄)의 주석을 중심으로 Interpretations of the Lotus Treasury World Presented in the Tradition of Huayan Scholasticism: A Focus on Fazang and Li Tongxuan: 고승학
KOH, Seunghak; 금강대학교 로터스칼리지 조교수

Assistant Professor, Geumgang University, Lotus College

30 September 2024. pp. 33∼61

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Abstract

According to the Huayan jing (華嚴經), the Lotus Treasury World (蓮華藏世界) is the Buddha’s sphere of edification, embellished by Vairocana Buddha’s vows and cultivation in his previous lifetimes. However, Fazang (法藏, 643-712) and Li Tongxuan (李通玄, 635-730) presented quite distinct interpretations of this world, even though they were contemporaries. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the diversity within the tradition of Huayan scholasticism through analyses that pay attention to such interpretive differences. On the basis of the Huayan jing text itself and his own scholastic understanding thereof, Fazang explained that the relation of mutual identity and mutual inclusion (相卽相入) is established between the Lotus Treasury World and the world we experience, leading to the theory of non-hindrance between the circumstantial and the direct (依正無礙). Nonetheless, this explanation is rather abstract, and he seems to have simply followed previous doctrinal concepts. By contrast, Li Tongxuan presented a firm soteriological interpretation concerning the shapes and numbers of the 111 world-seeds (世界種), which are alluded to together with this Lotus Treasury World, while sometimes putting forth arbitrary explications. However, both seem to agree that the Lotus Treasury World is a visual representation of the Huayan worldview characterized by repetitive containment ad infinitum. Yet, based on the fact that the Ming-period text Fajie anli tu (法界安立圖), compiled by Renchao (仁潮, n.d.), criticizes Chengguan’s (澄觀, 738-839) explications of the Lotus Treasury World and favorably evaluates Li Tongxuan’s, we can discern the unexpectedly strong influences of “unorthodox” commentators on the interpretations of the world or cosmos of Huayan scholasticism.
Therefore, the present study examines how the Huayan worldview, represented by the Lotus Treasury World, is revealed in the Huayan jing and its commentaries. It also emphasizes the differences between Fazang and Li Tongxuan and the latter’s influences on later generations.

Keywords

Lotus Treasury World

mutual identity and mutual inclusion

non-hindrance between the circumstantial and the direct

Fazang (643-712)

Li Tongxuan (635-730)

world-seed

Huayan scholasticism

『화엄경』은 ‘연화장세계(蓮華藏世界)’를 부처가 교화하는 영역[攝化分齊]이자 비로자나불의 과거 원력과 수행에 의해 장엄된 세계라고 설한다. 그런데 법장(法藏, 643-712)과 이통현(李通玄, 635-730)은 동시대의 주석가이면서도 이 개념에 대해 상반되는 입장을 개진하고 있으므로, 이러한 해석상의 차이점에 주목하여 화엄교학 전통 내의 다양성을 부각할 필요가 있다.
법장은 『화엄경』의 텍스트와 자신의 교학적 입장을 토대로 연화장세계와 우리가 경험하는 세계 사이에 상즉상입(相卽相入)의 관계가 성립하며, 따라서 의정무애(依正無礙)를 보여준다고 설명한다. 이러한 그의 설명은 다소 추상적이고 기존의 교학적 개념을 답습한 듯한 느낌을 주지만, 그와 동시대 인물인 이통현은 연화장세계와 함께 거론되는 111세계종(世界種)의 형상과 숫자의 의미 등에 대하여 수행론적인 해석을 견지하면서 때로는 자의적인 주석을 가하기도 한다. 그러나 양자 모두 중중무진(重重無盡)의 화엄적 세계관의 시각적 표상화가 연화장세계라는 점에 대해서는 동의하는 것으로 보인다. 그런데 명나라 시기 인조(仁潮, 생몰년 미상)가 만든 『법계안립도』에 징관(澄觀, 738-839)의 연화장세계 풀이를 비판하는 부분이 보이고 이통현의 주석을 높이 평가하고 있다는 점에서 화엄교학의 ‘세계’ 내지 ‘우주’ 해석에 끼친 ‘비정통파’의 영향력이 의외로 강했음을 확인할 수 있다.
이에 본 논문에서는 ‘연화장세계’를 중심으로 화엄적 세계관이 어떻게 표현되어 있는지를 『화엄경』과 주석서 등을 통해서 살펴보고, 특히 법장과 이통현의 차이점과 후자가 후대에 끼친 영향력을 강조하고자 한다.

키워드

연화장세계(蓮華藏世界)

상즉상입(相卽相入)

의정무애(依正無礙)

법장(法藏

643-712)

이통현(李通玄

635-730)

세계종(世界種)

화엄교학

References

◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 Abbreviations and Primary Sources

T Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新修大藏經, ed. by TAKAKUSU Junjirō 高楠順次郞 and WATANABE Kaikyoku 渡邊海旭, 100 vols. Tokyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924-1935.
X Manji shinsan Dai Nihon zokuzōkyō 卍新纂大日本續藏經 (Revised reprint of the Dai Nihon zokuzōkyō), eds. by KAWAMURA Kōshō 河村照孝, et al. 88 vols. Tokyo: Kokusho Kankōkai, 1975-1989.

『大方廣佛華嚴經』 T278, T279.
『大方廣佛華嚴經疏』 T1735.
『法界安立圖』 X972.
『佛祖統紀』 T2035.
『續華嚴經略疏刊定記』 X221.
『新華嚴經論』 T1739.
『華嚴經探玄記』 T1733.
『華嚴一乘教義分齊章』 T1866.

◆ 이차 문헌 Secondary Literature

BONGAK 본각. 2018. 『화엄교학 강론』 (*Lectures on Huayan Scholasticism). Goyang: Ttran 뜨란.
CHOE, Yeon-Shik 최연식. 2015. 「표훈(表訓)의 일승세계론(一乘世界論)과 불국사·석굴암」 (“The One Vehicle World [Eka-yāna lokadhātu] Theory of Pyohun and the Founding of Bulguk-sa Temple and Seokkuram Cave”), 『불교학보』 (Journal of Institute for Buddhist Culture), no. 70, 95-120.
CHOI, Dong Soon 최동순. 2000. 「天台智顗의 蓮華藏世界」(*“Tiantai Zhiyi’s Lotus Treasury World”), 『대각사상』 (Maha Bodhi Thought), vol. 3, 269-299.
CIYI 慈怡, ed. 1988. 『佛光大辭典』 (Foguang Buddhist Dictionary). Taibei: Foguang Chupanshe.
IRISAWA, Takashi 入澤崇. 1988. 「蓮華蔵世界」 (“Padmagarbha-lokadhātu”), 『印度學佛教學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 36, no. 2, 59-66.10.4259/ibk.36.927
KIM, Cheon-hak 김천학. 2010. 「『화엄경』의 연화장세계」 (“World of the Lotus Sanctuary in the Avatamsaka Sutra”). 『정토학연구』 (Journal of the Pure Land Buddhism Studies), vol. 14, 105-133.
KIM, Seon Hee 김선희. 2017. 「조선 후반기 80『華嚴經』蓮華藏世界圖의 特質」 (“The Characteristics of 80 Avatamska Sutra the Lotus World Paintings of Dharmadhata in the Late Joseon Dynasty”), 『한국교수불자연합학회지』 (Korean Journal of Buddhist Professors), vol. 23, no. 2, 139-190.
KOH, Seunghak 고승학. 2013. 「『신화엄경론』에 나타난 이통현의 『화엄경』 해석의 특징」 (“Li Tongxuan’s Explication of the Avataṃsaka-sūtra in the Xin huayan jing lun: Focusing on Its Association with the Indigenous Chinese Thought”), 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 34, 113-145.10.21482/jbs.34..201303.114
_______. 2015/2017. “The Huayan Philosophers Fazang and Li Tongxuan on the ‘Six Marks’ and the ‘Sphere of Edification.” The Eastern Buddhist, vol. 46, no. 2, 1-18.
_______. 2019. 「동아시아 불교와 ‘불국토’ 개념의 의미: 천태와 화엄의 문헌을 중심으로」 (“East Asian Buddhism and the Meanings of the ‘Buddha Field’: Focused on the Tiantai and Huayan Texts”), 『천태학연구』 (Cheontaehak Yeongu), vol. 22, 44-75.
_______. 2022. 「보살계에 관한 화엄의 입장」(“A Huayan View of the Bodhisattva Precepts: Focused on Fazang’s Fanwang jing pusa jie benshu”), 『동아시아 불교의 생활규범: 계율·대승계·청규·비승비속』 (*Life Regulations in East Asian Buddhism: Monastic Rules, Mahāyāna Precepts, Pure Rules, Neither Monastic Nor Laity). Seoul: Marga 마르가.
KWON, Tanjun 권탄준. 2001. 「華藏世界硏究」(*“A Study of the Lotus Treasury World”), 『불교학보』 (Journal of Institute for Buddhist Culture), no. 38, 311-337.
MOCHIZUKI, Shinkō 望月信亨, TSUKAMOTO Zenryū 塚本善隆, rev. 1954-1963. 『望月佛教大辞典』 (*Mochizuki Buddhist Dictionary). Tōkyō: Sekai Seiten Kankō Kyōkai 世界聖典刊行会.
NAKAMURA, Hajime 中村元. 2001. 『広説佛教語大辞典』 (*Expanded Dictionary of Buddhist Terms). Tōkyō: Tōkyō Shoseki 東京書籍.
PARK, Insuk 박인석. 2009. 「『종경록』에 나타난 具分唯識의 기원-화엄종 慧苑의 敎判論을 중심으로」 (“The Origin of Ju Fen Wei Shi in Zongjinglu ─The Division of Teaching of HuiYuan”), 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 23, 299-331.10.21482/jbs.23..200908.299
SHI, Changci 釋長慈. 2018. 「『如來藏之研究』「第四章如來藏說之孕育與完成」」 (*“Lecture Note on Yishun’s Rulaizang zhi yanjiu, Chapter 4 ‘Growth and Completion of the Tathāgatagarbha Theory’”), 『福嚴推廣教育班』 (*Lectures by Fuyan Institute of Buddhism), vol. 35, 89-113.
SHI, Ruyi 釋如藝, 2020. 「從華嚴淨土觀初探華藏淨土與彌陀淨土之關係」(*“A Preliminary Survey of the Relation between the Huayan Pure Land and the Amita Pure Land from the Huayan View of the Pure Land”), 『大專學生佛學論文集』 (*Collected Papers on Buddhist Studies by the Enrolled Students in Huayan Lianshe), vol. 2020, 1-20.
WU, Jinhui. 2022. “From Mount Meru to Mind-Only: Chinese Buddhist Cosmology in the Fajie anli tu 法界安立圖 or An Illustrated [Guide] to the Established Order of the Dharma-realm,” International Journal of Buddhist Thought and Culture, vol. 32, no. 2, 133-163.10.16893/IJBTC.2022.12.32.2.133
WALLEY, Akiko. 2023. “Through the Open Gate of Heavens: The Tōdaiji Objects and Salvation in Vairocana’s Lotus Treasury World,” Religions, vol. 14, no. 4, 1-29.10.3390/rel14040457

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 80
No :0
Pages :33∼61
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.80..202409.33

[1] T Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新修大藏經, ed. by TAKAKUSU Junjirō 高楠順次郞 and WATANABE Kaikyoku 渡邊海旭, 100 vols. Tokyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924-1935.

[2] X Manji shinsan Dai Nihon zokuzōkyō 卍新纂大日本續藏經 (Revised reprint of the Dai Nihon zokuzōkyō), eds. by KAWAMURA Kōshō 河村照孝, et al. 88 vols. Tokyo: Kokusho Kankōkai, 1975-1989.

[3] 『大方廣佛華嚴經』 T278, T279.

[4] 『大方廣佛華嚴經疏』 T1735.

[5] 『法界安立圖』 X972.

[6] 『佛祖統紀』 T2035.

[7] 『續華嚴經略疏刊定記』 X221.

[8] 『新華嚴經論』 T1739.

[9] 『華嚴經探玄記』 T1733.

[10] 『華嚴一乘教義分齊章』 T1866.

[11] BONGAK 본각. 2018. 『화엄교학 강론』 (*Lectures on Huayan Scholasticism). Goyang: Ttran 뜨란.

[12] CHOE, Yeon-Shik 최연식. 2015. 「표훈(表訓)의 일승세계론(一乘世界論)과 불국사·석굴암」 (“The One Vehicle World [Eka-yāna lokadhātu] Theory of Pyohun and the Founding of Bulguk-sa Temple and Seokkuram Cave”), 『불교학보』 (Journal of Institute for Buddhist Culture), no. 70, 95-120.

[13] CHOI, Dong Soon 최동순. 2000. 「天台智顗의 蓮華藏世界」(*“Tiantai Zhiyi’s Lotus Treasury World”), 『대각사상』 (Maha Bodhi Thought), vol. 3, 269-299.

[14] CIYI 慈怡, ed. 1988. 『佛光大辭典』 (Foguang Buddhist Dictionary). Taibei: Foguang Chupanshe.

[15] IRISAWA, Takashi 入澤崇. 1988. 「蓮華蔵世界」 (“Padmagarbha-lokadhātu”), 『印度學佛教學研究』 (Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies), vol. 36, no. 2, 59-66.10.4259/ibk.36.927

[16] KIM, Cheon-hak 김천학. 2010. 「『화엄경』의 연화장세계」 (“World of the Lotus Sanctuary in the Avatamsaka Sutra”). 『정토학연구』 (Journal of the Pure Land Buddhism Studies), vol. 14, 105-133.

[17] KIM, Seon Hee 김선희. 2017. 「조선 후반기 80『華嚴經』蓮華藏世界圖의 特質」 (“The Characteristics of 80 Avatamska Sutra the Lotus World Paintings of Dharmadhata in the Late Joseon Dynasty”), 『한국교수불자연합학회지』 (Korean Journal of Buddhist Professors), vol. 23, no. 2, 139-190.

[18] KOH, Seunghak 고승학. 2013. 「『신화엄경론』에 나타난 이통현의 『화엄경』 해석의 특징」 (“Li Tongxuan’s Explication of the Avataṃsaka-sūtra in the Xin huayan jing lun: Focusing on Its Association with the Indigenous Chinese Thought”), 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 34, 113-145.10.21482/jbs.34..201303.114

[19] _______. 2015/2017. “The Huayan Philosophers Fazang and Li Tongxuan on the ‘Six Marks’ and the ‘Sphere of Edification.” The Eastern Buddhist, vol. 46, no. 2, 1-18.

[20] _______. 2019. 「동아시아 불교와 ‘불국토’ 개념의 의미: 천태와 화엄의 문헌을 중심으로」 (“East Asian Buddhism and the Meanings of the ‘Buddha Field’: Focused on the Tiantai and Huayan Texts”), 『천태학연구』 (Cheontaehak Yeongu), vol. 22, 44-75.

[21] _______. 2022. 「보살계에 관한 화엄의 입장」(“A Huayan View of the Bodhisattva Precepts: Focused on Fazang’s Fanwang jing pusa jie benshu”), 『동아시아 불교의 생활규범: 계율·대승계·청규·비승비속』 (*Life Regulations in East Asian Buddhism: Monastic Rules, Mahāyāna Precepts, Pure Rules, Neither Monastic Nor Laity). Seoul: Marga 마르가.

[22] KWON, Tanjun 권탄준. 2001. 「華藏世界硏究」(*“A Study of the Lotus Treasury World”), 『불교학보』 (Journal of Institute for Buddhist Culture), no. 38, 311-337.

[23] MOCHIZUKI, Shinkō 望月信亨, TSUKAMOTO Zenryū 塚本善隆, rev. 1954-1963. 『望月佛教大辞典』 (*Mochizuki Buddhist Dictionary). Tōkyō: Sekai Seiten Kankō Kyōkai 世界聖典刊行会.

[24] NAKAMURA, Hajime 中村元. 2001. 『広説佛教語大辞典』 (*Expanded Dictionary of Buddhist Terms). Tōkyō: Tōkyō Shoseki 東京書籍.

[25] PARK, Insuk 박인석. 2009. 「『종경록』에 나타난 具分唯識의 기원-화엄종 慧苑의 敎判論을 중심으로」 (“The Origin of Ju Fen Wei Shi in Zongjinglu ─The Division of Teaching of HuiYuan”), 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 23, 299-331.10.21482/jbs.23..200908.299

[26] SHI, Changci 釋長慈. 2018. 「『如來藏之研究』「第四章如來藏說之孕育與完成」」 (*“Lecture Note on Yishun’s Rulaizang zhi yanjiu, Chapter 4 ‘Growth and Completion of the Tathāgatagarbha Theory’”), 『福嚴推廣教育班』 (*Lectures by Fuyan Institute of Buddhism), vol. 35, 89-113.

[27] SHI, Ruyi 釋如藝, 2020. 「從華嚴淨土觀初探華藏淨土與彌陀淨土之關係」(*“A Preliminary Survey of the Relation between the Huayan Pure Land and the Amita Pure Land from the Huayan View of the Pure Land”), 『大專學生佛學論文集』 (*Collected Papers on Buddhist Studies by the Enrolled Students in Huayan Lianshe), vol. 2020, 1-20.

[28] WU, Jinhui. 2022. “From Mount Meru to Mind-Only: Chinese Buddhist Cosmology in the Fajie anli tu 法界安立圖 or An Illustrated [Guide] to the Established Order of the Dharma-realm,” International Journal of Buddhist Thought and Culture, vol. 32, no. 2, 133-163.10.16893/IJBTC.2022.12.32.2.133

[29] WALLEY, Akiko. 2023. “Through the Open Gate of Heavens: The Tōdaiji Objects and Salvation in Vairocana’s Lotus Treasury World,” Religions, vol. 14, no. 4, 1-29.10.3390/rel14040457

Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies ISSN:1598-0642(Print) 불교학연구

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