『능가경』은 여래장과 알라야식을 동일시했는가?

doi:10.21482/jbs.84..202509.25

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『능가경』은 여래장과 알라야식을 동일시했는가? Does the Laṅkāvatārasūtra identify the Tathāgatagarbha with Ālayavijñāna?: 김성철
KIM, Seong-Cheol; 금강대학교 불교문화연구소 교수

Professor, GCBS, Geumgang University

30 September 2025. pp. 25∼52

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Abstract

The Laṅkāvatārasūtra has long been regarded as the first text to identify tathāgatagarbha with ālayavijñāna. This paper offers an alternative interpretation of what the identification actually means.
To put it directly, the “identification” in the Laṅkāvatārasūtra is not a simple equation of the two concepts but rather a reinterpretation of the tathāgatagarbha concept from a Yogācāra standpoint. This reinterpretation reflects the Yogācāra perspective that tathāgatagarbha is a provisional teaching (neyārtha) grounded in skillful means (upāyakauśalya). To establish this point, the paper first considers the compositional intention of the Laṅkāvatārasūtra, noting its twofold standpoint—Mahāyānasaṃgraha and Saṃdhinirmocana—and then examines how the tathāgatagarbha concept is treated, particularly from the latter perspective.
In the sections where tathāgatagarbha is discussed independently, the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra presents it as a concept taught with śūnyatā or tathatā in mind. These passages served as the foundation for later claims that the tathāgatagarbha doctrine is a provisional teaching. In the sections where tathāgatagarbha appears alongside ālayavijñāna, the central issue is what is the subject of saṃsāra. At this point, the tathāgatagarbha concept is meticulously reinterpreted as ālayavijñāna. In other words, what transmigrates from beginningless time until nirvāṇa is ālayavijñāna, and tathāgatagarbha functions only as a provisional teaching posited in reference to this ālayavijñāna.
The conclusion of this paper suggests that, when we refrain from projecting the perspective of the Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna onto the Laṅkāvatārasūtra and instead interpret the text within the context of Indian Buddhist intellectual history, new horizons of interpretation become possible.

Keywords

Tathāgatagarbha

Ālayavijñāna

Laṅkāvatārasūtra

Identification of Tathāgatagarbha and Ālayavijñāna

Reinterpretation of Tathāgatagarbha

『능가경』은 여래장과 알라야식을 동일시한 최초의 문헌으로 간주되어 왔다. 본고는 이러한 동일시의 실체가 무엇인가 하는 물음에 대한 하나의 가능한 다른 대답이다.
단도직입적으로, 이 대답은 『능가경』에서의 ‘동일시’는 단순한 동일시가 아니라, 여래장 개념에 대한 유가행파 입장에 선 재해석이라는 것이다. 나아가 이 재해석은 여래장 개념이 방편설에 입각한 불요의설이라는 유가행파의 시각에 바탕을 둔 것이다. 이 점을 밝히기 위해 본고는 먼저 『능가경』의 찬술 의도를 간략히 살펴보고, 그것이 ‘섭대승’과 ‘해심밀’이라는 두 축으로 이루어져 있다는 것을 지적한 후, 특히 ‘해심밀’의 입장에서 여래장 개념이 어떻게 다루어지는지를 살펴보았다.
먼저 단독으로 여래장이 다루어지는 부분에서 『능가경』은 그것을 공성 혹은 진여를 염두에 두고 설해진 개념이라고 한다. 이 구절들은 후대의 문헌에서 여래장사상이 방편설이라는 주장의 근거가 된다.
여래장이 알라야식과 나란히 등장하는 부분에서 핵심 문제의식은 윤회의 주체가 무엇인가 하는 점이다. 여기서 여래장 개념은 매우 정교한 과정을 거쳐 알라야식으로 재해석된다. 다시 말해 무한한 과거로부터 열반에 이르기까지 윤회하는 것은 알라야식이며, 여래장은 이러한 알라야식을 의도해서 설해진 방편설에 지나지 않는다는 것이다.
본고의 결론은 『대승기신론』적 시각을 『능가경』에 역으로 투영하는 데서 벗어나, 인도불교 사상사의 맥락에서 이해할 때, 새로운 이해의 지평이 열린다는 것을 보여준다.

키워드

여래장

알라야식

능가경

여래장과 알라야식의 동일시

여래장의 재해석

References

◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 Abbreviations and Primary Sources

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LAS The Laṅkavatara Sūtra, ed by Bunyu Nanjio, Kyoto: Otani University Press, 1923.
LAS_T ’Phags pa Lang kar gshegs pa chen po’i mdo, P775
LAS(Ta) “A Revised Edition of the Laṅkāvatāra-Sūtra, “Kṣaṇika-Parivarta”, Collected Papers on the Tathāgatagarbha Doctrine. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publshers, 2014(1981).
LAS_V1 ’Phags pa Lang kar gshegs pa ’grel pa, P5519.
LAS_V2 ’Phags pa Lang kar gshegs pa shes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo’i grel pa de bshin gshegs pa’i snying po’i rgyan shes bya ba, P5520.
MSA Mahāyānasūtrālaṁkāra, tome Ⅰ texte, ed. par Sylvain Lévi, Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hauts études, Paris, 1907.
RGV The Ratnagotra-vibhāga Mahāyānottaratantraśāstra, ed. by Edward H. Johnston, Patna: The Bihar Research Society, 1950.
P Peking Tibetan Tripiṭaka, Peking Edition, Suzuki, Daisetz T. ed., Tokyo and Kyoto: Tibetan Tripiṭaka Research Institute, 1955-1958.
SP Saddharmapuṇḍarīka. H. Kern and B. Nanjio eds. Bibliotheca Buddhica Ⅹ, St. Pétersbourg, 1908-1912. reprinted in Osnabrück, 1970, in Tokyo, 1977.
SN Saṁyuttanikāya ed. M. L. Feer 5vols., London: Pali Text Society, 1991, 1989, 1975, 1990 & 1976(respectively reprints).
SNS Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra, ed, par Étienne Lamotte, Louvain, 1935.
T 大正新修大藏經 [Revised Buddhist Canon compiled during the Taishō reign period]. Eds. TAKAKUSU, Junjirō (高楠順次郞) and Kaikyoku WATANABE (渡邊海旭) et. al., 100 vols., Tokyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924-1935.
Triṃś Sthiramati's Triṁśikāvijñaptibhāṣya - Critical Editions of the Sanskrit Text and its Tibetan Translation, ed. by Hartmut Buescher, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2007.

『승만경』 T353
『능가아발다라보경』 T670
『입능가경』 T671
『대승기신론』 T1666
『대승기신론소』 T1844

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KIM, Junwoo 김준우. 2020. 「『대승장엄경론』의 여래장설」 (“The Tathāgatagarbha Theory of the Mahāyānasūtrālamkāra”), 『불교학보』 (Journal of Institute for Buddhist Culture), vol. 93, 35-57.10.18587/bh.2020.12.93.35
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Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korean Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 84
Pages :25∼52
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.84..202509.25

[1] BHSD Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, vol II. Franklin Edgerton, Tokyo: Rinsen Books, 1985(1953).

[2] LAS The Laṅkavatara Sūtra, ed by Bunyu Nanjio, Kyoto: Otani University Press, 1923.

[3] LAS_T ’Phags pa Lang kar gshegs pa chen po’i mdo, P775

[4] LAS(Ta) “A Revised Edition of the Laṅkāvatāra-Sūtra, “Kṣaṇika-Parivarta”, Collected Papers on the Tathāgatagarbha Doctrine. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publshers, 2014(1981).

[5] LAS_V1 ’Phags pa Lang kar gshegs pa ’grel pa, P5519.

[6] LAS_V2 ’Phags pa Lang kar gshegs pa shes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo’i grel pa de bshin gshegs pa’i snying po’i rgyan shes bya ba, P5520.

[7] MSA Mahāyānasūtrālaṁkāra, tome Ⅰ texte, ed. par Sylvain Lévi, Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hauts études, Paris, 1907.

[8] RGV The Ratnagotra-vibhāga Mahāyānottaratantraśāstra, ed. by Edward H. Johnston, Patna: The Bihar Research Society, 1950.

[9] P Peking Tibetan Tripiṭaka, Peking Edition, Suzuki, Daisetz T. ed., Tokyo and Kyoto: Tibetan Tripiṭaka Research Institute, 1955-1958.

[10] SP Saddharmapuṇḍarīka. H. Kern and B. Nanjio eds. Bibliotheca Buddhica Ⅹ, St. Pétersbourg, 1908-1912. reprinted in Osnabrück, 1970, in Tokyo, 1977.

[11] SN Saṁyuttanikāya ed. M. L. Feer 5vols., London: Pali Text Society, 1991, 1989, 1975, 1990 & 1976(respectively reprints).

[12] SNS Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra, ed, par Étienne Lamotte, Louvain, 1935.

[13] T 大正新修大藏經 [Revised Buddhist Canon compiled during the Taishō reign period]. Eds. TAKAKUSU, Junjirō (高楠順次郞) and Kaikyoku WATANABE (渡邊海旭) et. al., 100 vols., Tokyo: Daizōkyōkai, 1924-1935.

[14] Triṃś Sthiramati's Triṁśikāvijñaptibhāṣya - Critical Editions of the Sanskrit Text and its Tibetan Translation, ed. by Hartmut Buescher, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2007.

[15] 『승만경』 T353

[16] 『능가아발다라보경』 T670

[17] 『입능가경』 T671

[18] 『대승기신론』 T1666

[19] 『대승기신론소』 T1844

[20] AN, Sŏngdoo 안성두. 2021. 「유식과 여래장 사상의 융합 -眞諦(499-569)의 여래장 해석과 티벳불교의 他空說을 중심으로-」 (“Integration of Buddha-nature theory into Yogācāra Ideas - Paramārtha and Tibetan Other-Emptiness”), 『불교연구』 (Bulgyo-Yongu), vol. 54, 159-206.10.34275/kibs.2021.54.159

[21] DELEANU, Florin. 2018. “The Lankavatārasūtra: A Bibliographical Survey,” Bulletin of the International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 1, 15-43.

[22] HAKAMAYA, Noriaki 椅谷憲昭. 1994. 『唯識の解釋學』 (*Hermeneutics of Yogācāra), Tōkyō: Shunjūsha 春秋社.

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[25] KIM, Hyungu 김현구. 2018. 『입중론 현전지 연구』 (*A Study on the Madhyamakāvatāra), Seoul: CIR 씨아이알.

[26] KIM, Junwoo 김준우. 2020. 「『대승장엄경론』의 여래장설」 (“The Tathāgatagarbha Theory of the Mahāyānasūtrālamkāra”), 『불교학보』 (Journal of Institute for Buddhist Culture), vol. 93, 35-57.10.18587/bh.2020.12.93.35

[27] KIM, Junwoo 김준우. 2021. 「『능가경』의 여래장설」 (“The Tathagatagarbha Doctrine in the Lańkāvatārasūtra”), 『불교학리뷰』 (Critical Review for Buddhist Studies), vol. 30, 31-55.

[28] KIM, Seongcheol 김성철. 2009. 「초기 유가행파의 ‘여래장(tathāgatagarbha)’ 개념 해석」 (“On the Reinterpretation of the Term ‘Tathāgatagarbha’ in the early Yogācāra School”), 『인도철학』 (Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 27, 91-123.10.32761/kjip.2009..27.003

[29] KIM, Seongcheol 김성철. 2011. 「유가행파의 ‘여래장’ 개념 해석 II」 (“On the Re-interpretation of the Term ‘Tathāgatagarbha’ in the Early Yogācāra School” II), 『인도철학』 (Journal of Indian Philosophy), vol. 32, 193-219.10.32761/kjip.2011..32.007

[30] KIM, Seongcheol 김성철. 2019. 「원효 『기신론』 주석서에 나타난 『능가경』 인용 양상」 (“The Citation of Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra in the early writings of Wonhyo”), 『불교학리뷰』 (Critical Review for Buddhist Studies), vol. 32, 105-141.10.29213/crbs..25.201904.105

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