연기설에 나타난 ‘중도’에 대한 고찰  
- 남북전의 비교를 통하여 -

doi:10.21482/jbs.85..202512.1

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2025 Vol.85 Next Page

투고논문

연기설에 나타난 ‘중도’에 대한 고찰 - 남북전의 비교를 통하여 - The “Middle Way” in Paṭiccasamuppāda: A North–South Comparative Study: 이은정
LEE, Eun-Jung; 경북대학교 강사

Lecturer, Kyungpook National University

31 December 2025. pp. 1∼29

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Abstract

This study investigates the epistemological implications of right view (sammā-diṭṭhi) in relation to the wisdom of vipassanā, as reflected in the concept of “the Middle” (majjha) presented in the Pāli doctrine of paṭiccasamuppāda (dependent origination). It further aims to clarify the soteriological and practical significance of the Middle Way from both doctrinal and meditative perspectives.
The Hojoryok (互照錄) serves as the primary reference for a comparative analysis of corresponding discourses in the Southern Pāli Nidāna-saṃyutta and the Northern Chinese Saṃyukta Āgama. Selected passages were also cross-examined with Sanskrit materials identified in Tripathi’s research.
The Middle Way between pleasure and pain avoids the two extremes of sensual indulgence and self-mortification and is identified with the Noble Eightfold Path. By contrast, within the doctrine of paṭiccasamuppāda, several forms of the Middle Way are presented, including the Middle Way between being and non-being, the Middle Way between sameness and difference, and the Middle Way between eternity and extinction. In the Southern tradition, only the Middle Way between pleasure and pain is explicitly designated as majjhimāpaṭipadā, whereas the others are expressed using the term majjhena.
Particular attention in the Southern tradition is given to the Middle Way of being and non-being, in which right view functions as the avoidance of the two extremes of existence and non-existence. The arising of right view corresponds to the process of cognitive perception itself, and through the wisdom cultivated in vipassanā, right view is fully realized. Structured through the seven stages of purification (satta-visuddhi), which also constitute the framework of vipassanā meditation, right view thus serves both as the foundation and the fruition of practice, leading to paññāvimutti-phala.

Keywords

Nidāna-saṃyutta

right view

majjhima

majjhimāpaṭipadā

Being–Non Being Middle Way

vipassanā

paññā

본 연구는 남전의 연기설에서 제시된 ‘중’의 의미를 고찰하고, 위빠사나의 지혜와 관련하여 바른 견해가 지닌 인식론적 함의에 주목하여, 수행론적 관점에서 실천적 차원의 ‘중도’라는 점을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구내용을 요약하면 다음과 같다.
연구방법으로는 『호조록』을 토대로 빨리본의 『인연 상윳따』와 한문본 『잡아함경』에서 대응되는 경을 비교·정리하고, 일부 내용은, 뜨리빠띠의 연구 결과인 산스끄리뜨본을 교차 검토하였다. 남전의 빨리본은 93개의 경이고, 북전의 한문본은 51개 경, 산스끄리뜨본은 25개경이다.
고락중도는 쾌락과 고행이라는 양극단을 의지하지 않고 중도로서 팔정도가 제시된다. 한편, 연기설에는 ‘있음과 없음’의 양극단에 대한 유무 중도, ‘단멸론과 상주론’의 양극단에 대한 단상중도, ‘목숨과 몸이 같은가? 다른가?’에 대한 일이중도, ‘괴로움은 스스로 만드는 것인가? 남이 만드는 것인가?’에 대한 자작타작중도 등이 있다. 남전에서 고락중도는 ‘중도’로 표현되나, 나머지에는 ‘중[간에 의해서]’으로 표현된다.
남전의 연기설에서 주목한 점은 ‘바른 견해’가 제시된 ‘유무중도’로, ‘있음’과 ‘없음’의 양극단을 따라가지 않는다는 점이다. 바른 견해는 팔정도의 첫 번째 항목으로, 바른 수행의 토대이면서 수행을 통해 확립될 수 있다. 바른 견해는 칠청정으로 체계화되며, 이러한 칠청정은 위빳사나의 명상주제이기도 하다. 견해가 발생하는 과정은 우리의 인식이 일어나는 과정과 동일하며, 위빳사나의 지혜를 통해서 바른 견해는 실현될 수 있다. 남전의 연기설에서 ‘중’은 수행론적 차원에서 ‘중도’로 볼 수 있으며, 위빳사나의 도움을 받아 통찰지 해탈에 대한 결실의 이익을 가져온다.

키워드

인연 상윳따

바른 견해

중

중도

유무중도

위빳사나 명상

혜학

References

◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 Abbreviations and Primary Sources

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DN. Dīgha-Nikāya, ed. by T. W. Rhys Davids and J. E. Carpenter, 3 Vols., London: Pali Text Society, 1995-2007, 1890-1911 respectively (reprints).
MN. Majjhima-Nikāya, ed. by V. Trenckner and R. Chelmers, 3 vols., London: Pali Text Society, 2013, 1888-1902 respectively (reprints).
SN. Saṃyutta-Nikāya, ed. by Leon Feer, 5 vols., London: Pali Text Society, 1975-2006, 1884-1898 respectively (reprints).
Vism. Visuddhimaggga, ed. by Henry Clarke Warren (vol. I) and Dharmananda Kosambi (vols. II–III), 3 vols., 1950, London: Pali Text Society, 1920-1921 (reprint).
Abhidh-s. Abhidhammamattha Saṅgaha, ed. by H. Saddhatissa, 2000, London: Pali Text Society, 1989 (reprint).
PED. Pāli-English Dictionary, ed. by T. W. Rhys Davids and William Stede, 1993, London: Pali Text Society, 1921-1925 (reprint Oxford: Pali Text Society, 1972; repr.).
T. Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經, ed. by Takakusu Junjirō高楠順次郎 and Watanabe Kaikyoku 渡邊海旭, 100 vols. Tōyo: Daizōyōai, 1924-1935.
Digitalpālireader, https://www.digitalpalireader.online/_dprhtml/index.html?loc=s.1.0.0.0.1.6.a&query=majjhi¶=6. (2025.09.18. 검색).
『中阿含經』 T26.
『雜阿含經』 T99.

◆ 이차 문헌 Secondary Literature

AKANUMA, Chizen 赤沼智善. 1929. 『漢巴四部四阿含互照錄』(*A Comparative Concordance of the Four Chinese Āgamas and the Four Pāli Nikāyas), Nagoya: Hajinkaku Shobō 破塵閣書房.
ANĀLAYO, Bhikkhu. 2011. “Right View and the Scheme of the Four Truths in Early Buddhism-The Sayukta-āgama Parallel to the Sammādihi-sutta and the Simile of the Four Skills of a Physician”, Canadian Journal of Buddhist Studies Vol.7, Nalanda College of Buddhist Studies.
CHA, Seunghoo 차승후 1996. 「“nidānasaṁyukta”에 나타난 연기설의 고찰」(“A study on Paticcasamuppada of Nidanasamyukta”), 『한국종교사연구』(Korean Association For The History Of Religions), vol. 5, 368-398. 1996.
TRIPATHI, Chandrabhal. 1962. Fünfundzwanzig Sūtras des Nidānasaṁyukta, Akademic-Verlag Berlin.
CHUNG, Jinil 정진일. 2007. 「求那跋陀羅譯『雜阿含經』에 보이는 번역상의 문제점-大空法經을 일례로」(“Some Problems Observed in the Chinese Translation of the Saṃyuktāgama by Guṇabhadra -With Special Reference to the Mahāśūnyatā-dharmaparyāya-”), 『불교학연구』(BUL GYO HAK YEONGU-Journal of Buddhist Studies), Vol.18, 261-293.10.21482/jbs.18..200712.261
DAELIM tr. 대림 역. 2015. 『청정도론 3』,(Visuddhimagga 3) Ulsan: Chogi Buljeon Yeongu Weon 초기불전연구원.
DHAMMAGANDHA 일창 담마간다. 2021. 『가르침을 배우다-빠알리 성전을 통해 본 불교 기초 교리』(Learning the Teachings: Basic Buddhist Doctrines through the Pāli Canon), Anyang: Bulbangil 도서출판 불방일.
FULLER, Paul. 2005. The Notion of Ditthi in Theravada Buddhism: The Point of View, New York: Routledge Curzon.10.4324/9780203010433
GAKMOOK 각묵. 2015. 『초기불교이해』(Introduction to Early Buddhism: An Accessible Explanation of the Core Theory of Early Buddhism —), Ulsan: Chogi Buljeon Yeongu Weon 초기불전연구원.
KALUPAHANA, David J. 칼루파하나, KIM, Jongwook tr. 김종욱 역. 2008. 『불교철학의 역사』(A History of Buddhist Philosophy), Seoul: Unjusa 운주사.
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LEE, Jungpyo 이중표. 2012. 『아함의 중도체계』(*The System of the Middle Way in the Āgamas), Seoul: Bilkwang 불광출판사.
LIM, Seungtaek 임승택. 2016. 「반야의 치유, 그 원리와 활용-초기불교를 중심으로」(“On the Capacity of Paññā to Heal and its application based on Early Buddhist Literatures”), 『범한철학』(PAN-KOREAN PHILOSOPHY), vol. 80, 1-29.
______. 2017. 「긍정성 과잉의 문제와 중도(中道)-초기불교에 근거한 이 시대의 중도 모색」(“On the Problems of Positivity and Majjhimāpaṭipadā”), 『불교학연구』(BUL GYO HAK YEONGU-Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 51, 239-272. 10.21482/jbs.51..201706.239
MULLER, A. Charles. 2018. “An Inquiry into Views: Lessons from Buddhism, Behavioral Psychology, and Constructivist Epistemology”, Contemporary Buddhism, vol. 19, Issue2, Routledge.10.1080/14639947.2018.1442134
ÑĀṆANANDA, Bhikkhu. 1986. Concept and Reality, Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society.
NAM, Sooyoung 남수영. 2015. 「초기불교의 중도 개념 재검토」(“A Re-examination of the Middle-way Conception in Early Buddhism”), 『남아시아연구』(Journal of South Asian Studies), vol. 21, no. 1, 57-86.10.21587/jsas.2015.21.1.003
______. 2017. 「인도불교에서 중도 개념의 불연속성과 연속성 * －불타, 부파불교 , 용수의 중도설을 중심으로」(“The Continuity and Discontinuity of the Conception of Middle Way in Indian Buddhism”), 『불교학연구』(BUL GYO HAK YEONGU-Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 50, 27-57.10.21482/jbs.50..201703.27
SHULMAN, Eviater. 2008. “Early Meaning of Dependent-Origination”, Indian Philos, vol. 36.10.1007/s10781-007-9030-8
WATSUJI, Tetsurō 와쓰지데쓰로우(和什哲郞), AHN, Seungjun tr. 안승준 역. 1993. 『원시불교의 실천철학』(*The Practical Philosophy of Early Buddhism), Seoul: Bulgyo Sidaesa 불교시대사.
WOO, Dongpil 우동필. 2015. 「역관(逆觀)의 십이연기-십이연기와 중도의 관계」(“Paṭiccasamuppāda of Paṭiloma －On the Relation between Paṭiccasamuppāda and Majjhimā paṭipadā”), 『불교학연구』(BUL GYO HAK YEONGU-Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 44, 1-33.10.21482/jbs.44..201509.1

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korean Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 85
Pages :1∼29
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.85..202512.1

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[3] MN. Majjhima-Nikāya, ed. by V. Trenckner and R. Chelmers, 3 vols., London: Pali Text Society, 2013, 1888-1902 respectively (reprints).

[4] SN. Saṃyutta-Nikāya, ed. by Leon Feer, 5 vols., London: Pali Text Society, 1975-2006, 1884-1898 respectively (reprints).

[5] Vism. Visuddhimaggga, ed. by Henry Clarke Warren (vol. I) and Dharmananda Kosambi (vols. II–III), 3 vols., 1950, London: Pali Text Society, 1920-1921 (reprint).

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[27] LIM, Seungtaek 임승택. 2016. 「반야의 치유, 그 원리와 활용-초기불교를 중심으로」(“On the Capacity of Paññā to Heal and its application based on Early Buddhist Literatures”), 『범한철학』(PAN-KOREAN PHILOSOPHY), vol. 80, 1-29.

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[29] MULLER, A. Charles. 2018. “An Inquiry into Views: Lessons from Buddhism, Behavioral Psychology, and Constructivist Epistemology”, Contemporary Buddhism, vol. 19, Issue2, Routledge.10.1080/14639947.2018.1442134

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