The process of the development of concept of śūnya in Vajrayāna practice found in the Pañcakrama and its commentaries.

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The process of the development of concept of śūnya in Vajrayāna practice found in the Pañcakrama and its commentaries. 오차제(Pañcakrama) 2장의 후대 삽입과 전승의 의미 －사공(四空)과 관련하여: 방정란
Junglan Bang; 일본 대정대학교, 로버트 H.N.호 패밀리재단 박사후 펠로우

Taisho University Robert H.N. Ho Family Foundation Post-doctoral Fellow

30 September 2019. pp. 55-80

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Abstract

Tantric Buddhism, although esoteric rituals and sādhanas are main features of its practice, is clarified by Tantric authors as it is established on the ground of Mahāyāna doctrines representing systems of Yogācāra and Mādhyamaka. This paper is based on my previous presentation in Vajrayāna section of a conference which was held in Korea in May, 2019 whose main theme is śūnya/śūnyatā in Buddhism. It starts from a question that what we can say on the first Vajrayāna’s own interpretation of śūnya or śūnyatā? The four stages of śūnya and āloka described in the second chapter of the Pañcakrama would be a suitable example to answer this question. This second chapter is described as a work of Śākyamitra, and the text itself was also separately translated into Tibetan under the title of the Anuttarasandhi. This text teaches the step of purification of mind through four stages; śūnya, atiśūnya, mahāśūnya, and sarvaśūnya. It reflects that this doctrine played a significant role in the dissemination of Ārya school. Besides, the procedure of insertion of this work into the Pañcakrama can be traced by analysing positions of commentators about what exactly the five stages (pañcakrama) mean as it has been studied by Tomabechi 2006. In this paper, I would like to introduce exposition of Tantric Āryadeva and Candrakīrti on the practice of Cittaviśuddhikrama to show that they cite verses of Nāgārjuna without a clear statement to distinguish the authorship of Mādhyamaka and Vajrayāna works ascribed to the same name. Therefore, their explanation can shed light on a manner of their attempt to enforce the authority of Ārya school.

Keywords

Pañcakrama

Tantric Nāgārjuna

Śākyamitra

Four stages of emptiness

Ārya school

Jñānapāda school

후기 인도불교사에서 강력한 영향력을 떨친 바즈라야나(Vajrayāna)라 불리는 탄트라 불교는 대승불교 가르침을 수행의 토대로 삼고 있으며 스스로의 정체성을 결코 대승(Mahāyāna)의 범주 밖에 놓지 않는다. 이러한 통합과정은 단기간에 이뤄진 것이 아니기에 다각적인 연구가 필요하다. 본고는 그러한 통합과정의 발단을 추적하는 데 목적을 둔다. ‘공(śūnya)’을 점진적 수행의 단계로 해석하는 탄트라 논사의 주석서를 통해, 이 독특한 바즈라야나만의 해석이 등장하게 된 배경을 검토한다. 특히 중후기의 탄트라 경전을 대표하는 Guhyasamājatantra(『비밀집회탄트라』)의 해설서이자, 탄트라 저자인 Nāgārjuna(龍樹)에 귀속된 Pañcakrama(『오차제』)의 두 번째 장은 단계적 공(śūnya) 수행의 과정을 지혜를 의미하는 빛(āloka)이라는 용어를 빌어 설한다. 그런데, 바즈라야나의 독특한 점진적 공수행의 교설을 담고 있는 이 장은 Pañcakrama에 속해 있음에도 불구하고 저자로서 Śākyamitra라는 이름을 전한다. 토루 토마베치(Toru Tomabechi)의 연구가 지적하듯이, 이 같은 2장의 원저자(authorship) 문제는 중후기 탄트라 주석 전통을 이해하는 데 핵심 키워드가 된다. 따라서 본고는 이러한 내용을 Pañcakrama와 주석서들의 문헌적인 전거를 통해 살펴보고, 더불어 대승불교사의 중요한 인물들인 Āryadeva(提婆)와 Candrakīrti(月稱) 등의 동일한 이름을 지닌 탄트라 저자들이 출현하는 시대적 배경과 연관시켜 논의한다. 그리고 이들이 주석하는 Pañcakrama의 내용을 분석한다.

키워드

오차제

탄트릭 나가르주나

아누타라산디

샤캬미트라

사공

아리야 학파

즈냐나파다 학파

References

CIHTS The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies
D. sDe dge edition
ed. 기존 편집본 (edition)
em. 교정 (emendation)
ms. mss. 사본(manuscript, manuscripts)
P. Peking edition
NGMPP Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project
Āmnāyamañjarī, ms. Rare and Ancient Tibetan Texts Collected in Tibetan Regions Series. 3 volumes. 123mm×430mm. Compiled by Institute of the Collection and Preservation of Ancient Tibetan Texts of Sichuan Province (四川省藏文古籍捜集保护编务院). Published by Chengdu: Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House (四川民族出版社), Beijing: Guangming Daily Press (光明日报出版社), October 2015.
CMP Caryāmelāpakapradīpa, ed. Janardan Shastri Pandey (Ped.) : Sarnath: CIHTS, 2000 ; Ed. Christian Konrad Wedemeyer (Wed), Āryadeva’s Lamp that Integrates the Practices (Caryāmelāpakapradīpa). The Gradual Path of Vajrayāna Buddhism According to the Esoteric Community Noble Tradition, New York: American Institute of Buddhist Studies, 2007. ; mss. Microfilm copy of photograph of Sanskrit manuscript made by Rahul Sakṛtyayan in Tibet (Ngor Monastery); paper, 69 leaves (final 27 containing CMP), Old Bengali script, 12.33 X 2.17 in., 9 lines per side, Bandurski no. Xc 14/30.
Cittaviśuddhiprakaraṇa, ed. Christian Konrad Wedemeyer, Vajrayāna and its Doubles: a Critical Historiography, Exposition, and Translation of the Tantric Works of Āryadeva. Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, 1999.
Jñānavajrasamuccayatantra, (a.k.a. Vajrajñānasamuccaya) Tib. P. [3] (84) ca 290b2–294b5.
GuSa Guhyasamājatantra, ed. Yukei Matsunaga, The Guhyasamāja Tantra, Osaka: Toho Shuppan, 1978.
PK Pañcakrama, ed. Katsumi Mimaki and Toru Tomabechi, Pañcakrama. Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts Critically Edited with Verse Index and Facsimile Edition of the Sanskrit Manuscripts. Bibliotheca Codicum Asiaticorum 8. Tokyo: The Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies for Unesco, 1994.
Pradīpoddyotana, ed. Chintaharan Chakravarti, Guhyasamajatantrapradīpodyotanaṭīkāṣaṭkoṭivyākhyā ed, Tibetan Sanskrit Works Series 25, Patna: Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute. 1984; Tib. P [60] (2650) sa 1-233a7.
Pañcakramaṭippanī, ed. Zhongzin Jiang and Toru Tomabechi, The Pañcakramaṭippanī of Muniśrībhadara. Introduction and Romanized Sanskrit Text. Études asiatiques suisse, Monographies 23. Berne: Peter Lang, 1996.
Sekanirdeśapañjikā, ed. Harunaga Isaacson and Francesco Sferra, The Sekanirdeśa of Maitreyanātha (Advayavajra) with the Sekanirdeśapañjikā of Rāmapāla, Critical Edition of the Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts with English Translation and Reproductions of the Mss., Manuscripta Buddhica 2. Napoli: Università Studi Di Napoli “L’orientale”, 2014.
방정란 ｢불교 딴뜨라 문헌이 전하는 샤이바(Śaiva) 의례의 도입과 해석｣, 『인도철학』제54집, 2018, pp.35-63.
苫米地等流, ｢Pañcakrama 研究 (1)―“五”次第の構成について―｣, 『印度學佛教學研究』 40卷 2號, 東京: 日本印度学仏教学会, 1992, pp. 895-892.
吉水千鶴子, ｢Pañcakramaにおける三智・三空とprabhasvara タンラ仏教における空性理解の問題点｣, 『成田山仏教研究所紀要』 11号, 成田: 大本山成田山新勝寺成田山仏教研究所, 1988, 447-468.
Christian Konrad Wedemeyer, “Vajrayāna and its Doubles: a Critical Historiography, Exposition, and Translation of the Tantric Works of Āryadeva”. Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, 1999.
Haraprasād Śāstrī, “The discovery of a work by Āryadeva in Sanskrit”. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal LXVII-1, 1989, pp. 175-185.
Harunaga Isaacson, “Ratnākaraśānti’s Hevajrasahajasadyoga (Studies in Ratnakārakśānti’s Tantric works I)”, Le Paroleei Marmi: studi in onore di Raniero Gnoli nel suo 70º compleanno. Serie Orientale Roma, XCII, ed. Raffaele Torella. Roma: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, 2001. pp.457-487
Péter-Dániel Szántó, “Early Works and Persons Related to the So-called Jñānapāda School”, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Volume 36/37 2013/2014 (2015), pp. 538-561.
_______, “Jñānapāda”, Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Leiden|Boston, 2019. pp. 264-268
Ryugen Tanemura, “Guhyasamājatantra”, Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Brill NV, Leiden, 2015, pp. 326-333.
Toru Tomabechi, Étude du Pañcakarma, “Introduction et traduction annotée”, PhD dissertation, Université de Lausanne, 2006
_______, “Vitapāda, Śākyamitra, and Āryadeva: On a Transitional Stage in the History of Guhyasamāja Exegesis.” Esoteric Buddhist Studies: Identity in Diversity. Proceedings of the International Conference on Esoteric Buddhist Studies, Koyasan University. Koyasan University, Japan, 2008, pp. 171–177.

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 60
No :0
Pages :55-80

[1] CIHTS The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies

[2] D. sDe dge edition

[3] ed. 기존 편집본 (edition)

[4] em. 교정 (emendation)

[5] ms. mss. 사본(manuscript, manuscripts)

[6] P. Peking edition

[7] NGMPP Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project

[8] Āmnāyamañjarī, ms. Rare and Ancient Tibetan Texts Collected in Tibetan Regions Series. 3 volumes. 123mm×430mm. Compiled by Institute of the Collection and Preservation of Ancient Tibetan Texts of Sichuan Province (四川省藏文古籍捜集保护编务院). Published by Chengdu: Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House (四川民族出版社), Beijing: Guangming Daily Press (光明日报出版社), October 2015.

[9] CMP Caryāmelāpakapradīpa, ed. Janardan Shastri Pandey (Ped.) : Sarnath: CIHTS, 2000 ; Ed. Christian Konrad Wedemeyer (Wed), Āryadeva’s Lamp that Integrates the Practices (Caryāmelāpakapradīpa). The Gradual Path of Vajrayāna Buddhism According to the Esoteric Community Noble Tradition, New York: American Institute of Buddhist Studies, 2007. ; mss. Microfilm copy of photograph of Sanskrit manuscript made by Rahul Sakṛtyayan in Tibet (Ngor Monastery); paper, 69 leaves (final 27 containing CMP), Old Bengali script, 12.33 X 2.17 in., 9 lines per side, Bandurski no. Xc 14/30.

[10] Cittaviśuddhiprakaraṇa, ed. Christian Konrad Wedemeyer, Vajrayāna and its Doubles: a Critical Historiography, Exposition, and Translation of the Tantric Works of Āryadeva. Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, 1999.

[11] Jñānavajrasamuccayatantra, (a.k.a. Vajrajñānasamuccaya) Tib. P. [3] (84) ca 290b2–294b5.

[12] GuSa Guhyasamājatantra, ed. Yukei Matsunaga, The Guhyasamāja Tantra, Osaka: Toho Shuppan, 1978.

[13] PK Pañcakrama, ed. Katsumi Mimaki and Toru Tomabechi, Pañcakrama. Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts Critically Edited with Verse Index and Facsimile Edition of the Sanskrit Manuscripts. Bibliotheca Codicum Asiaticorum 8. Tokyo: The Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies for Unesco, 1994.

[14] Pradīpoddyotana, ed. Chintaharan Chakravarti, Guhyasamajatantrapradīpodyotanaṭīkāṣaṭkoṭivyākhyā ed, Tibetan Sanskrit Works Series 25, Patna: Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute. 1984; Tib. P [60] (2650) sa 1-233a7.

[15] Pañcakramaṭippanī, ed. Zhongzin Jiang and Toru Tomabechi, The Pañcakramaṭippanī of Muniśrībhadara. Introduction and Romanized Sanskrit Text. Études asiatiques suisse, Monographies 23. Berne: Peter Lang, 1996.

[16] Sekanirdeśapañjikā, ed. Harunaga Isaacson and Francesco Sferra, The Sekanirdeśa of Maitreyanātha (Advayavajra) with the Sekanirdeśapañjikā of Rāmapāla, Critical Edition of the Sanskrit and Tibetan Texts with English Translation and Reproductions of the Mss., Manuscripta Buddhica 2. Napoli: Università Studi Di Napoli “L’orientale”, 2014.

[17] 방정란 ｢불교 딴뜨라 문헌이 전하는 샤이바(Śaiva) 의례의 도입과 해석｣, 『인도철학』제54집, 2018, pp.35-63.

[18] 苫米地等流, ｢Pañcakrama 研究 (1)―“五”次第の構成について―｣, 『印度學佛教學研究』 40卷 2號, 東京: 日本印度学仏教学会, 1992, pp. 895-892.

[19] 吉水千鶴子, ｢Pañcakramaにおける三智・三空とprabhasvara タンラ仏教における空性理解の問題点｣, 『成田山仏教研究所紀要』 11号, 成田: 大本山成田山新勝寺成田山仏教研究所, 1988, 447-468.

[20] Christian Konrad Wedemeyer, “Vajrayāna and its Doubles: a Critical Historiography, Exposition, and Translation of the Tantric Works of Āryadeva”. Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, 1999.

[21] Haraprasād Śāstrī, “The discovery of a work by Āryadeva in Sanskrit”. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal LXVII-1, 1989, pp. 175-185.

[22] Harunaga Isaacson, “Ratnākaraśānti’s Hevajrasahajasadyoga (Studies in Ratnakārakśānti’s Tantric works I)”, Le Paroleei Marmi: studi in onore di Raniero Gnoli nel suo 70º compleanno. Serie Orientale Roma, XCII, ed. Raffaele Torella. Roma: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, 2001. pp.457-487

[23] Péter-Dániel Szántó, “Early Works and Persons Related to the So-called Jñānapāda School”, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Volume 36/37 2013/2014 (2015), pp. 538-561.

[24] _______, “Jñānapāda”, Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Leiden|Boston, 2019. pp. 264-268

[25] Ryugen Tanemura, “Guhyasamājatantra”, Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Brill NV, Leiden, 2015, pp. 326-333.

[26] Toru Tomabechi, Étude du Pañcakarma, “Introduction et traduction annotée”, PhD dissertation, Université de Lausanne, 2006

[27] _______, “Vitapāda, Śākyamitra, and Āryadeva: On a Transitional Stage in the History of Guhyasamāja Exegesis.” Esoteric Buddhist Studies: Identity in Diversity. Proceedings of the International Conference on Esoteric Buddhist Studies, Koyasan University. Koyasan University, Japan, 2008, pp. 171–177.

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