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투고논문

Emptiness and the Time of Aion (aἰών): An Interpretation of the Tibetan Kālacakra tantra and Rdzogs chen Practices

공성과 아이온의 시간: 티벳 불교 수행 해석의 한 가능성

조석효

Sokhyo Jo

독립학자
Independent Scholar
31 December 2021. pp. 81-111
PDF Citation
Abstract
Emptiness as explained by Jo nang pa and Rnying ma pa, which regard sūtras as being hermeneutical realms not independent from tantras, is based on their tantric practices, the Kālacakra tantra and Rdzogs chen respectively. Both schools share identical terms and concepts to explain empirical emptiness, but show different approaches and descriptions. For example, regarding bliss/emptiness (bde stong), Jo nang pa explains it in terms of the transcendent experience of the ultimate; Rnying ma pa, in terms of the non-duality between emptiness and phenomena. Explanations of time, which are inextricably tied to their explanations of emptiness, are also similar but different. Both Schools explain primordial timelessness by placing irreducible transcendence and omnipresent and ever present immanence on the same plane. However, Jo nang pa emphasizes that, by means of a gradual approach to purify mental obscuration, the primordial state is revealed, which is an experience of the ultimate reality. This is also a description of Ādibuddha’s primordial time which is different from the conventional time of sentient beings. Meanwhile, Rnying ma pa emphasizes the indeterminacy of the ultimate. In Rdzogs chen practice, when mind is reduced to the primordial state, practitioners realize that conventional mind is primordial mind. Timelessness is experienced through time. Thus, ‘the fourth time’, which is beyond past, present and future, is timeless time or an indeterminate time on which Samanthabhadra’s realization is grounded, being nondual with the three times. In this way, experience of emptiness is explained in conjunction with temporality in both Schools. I suggest that they both explain that ultimate reality lies not in a conventionally flowing chronos time but in a Deleuzian primordial time of aion simultaneous with chronos time, and that the time of aion can be understood as the plane of empirical emptiness.
Keywords
Kālacakra tantra
Rdzogs chen
emptiness
bliss
primordial timelessness
aion
조낭빠와 닝마빠는 각각 깔라짜끄라 딴뜨라와 족첸이라는 딴뜨라 수행을 통해 체득되는 공성을 수뜨라의 연장선 상에서 설명한다. 두 교파는 이러한 체험적 공성의 묘사에서 동일한 용어와 개념을 공유하지만, 수행의 상이한 접근과 단계에 있어 차이가 있다. 가령 공의 묘사인 락/공(樂空)의 경우에, 조낭빠는 궁극적 실재에 대한 초월적 체험, 닝마빠의 경우 공과 현상의 불가분성 설명에 초점이 있다. 이러한 공의 체험과 해석은 수행에서 핵심적인 이슈인 시간과 불가분인데, 그 묘사 역시 비슷하면서 다르다. 양자는 초월과 내재를 동일한 평면에 둠으로써 근원적인 비시성의 차원을 설명한다. 조낭빠의 경우, 점진적 수행을 통한 정화를 통해 일반적인 마음의 미혹이 제거되어 근원적 상태가 드러나는 깨달음의 상태를 궁극적 실재에 대한 체험이라 한다. 이것은 일반적인 시간 차원과는 다른 차원인 본초불 아디붓다(Ādibuddha)의 근원적 시간에 대한 묘사이다. 반면, 닝마빠의 경우, 일체의 개념적인 분별을 부정하는 궁극적인 차원의 비결정성을 강조한다. 족첸에서 일반적인 마음은 본래적 마음과 다르지도 같지도 않으며, 시간을 통한 비시간적 차원의 체험 차원이다. 족첸에서 삼세(三世)를 초월하는 ‘제 4시’인 비시간의 시간은 일반적 시간과 불가분인 본초불 사만타바드라(Samantabhadra)의 시간이다. 시간적 차원은 원래 비시간의 근원적 시간 차원으로 환원되지만, 그 근원적 시간은 불확정적 차원에 있다. 이러한 차이에도, 시간성의 차원과 맞물리는 두 교파의 공성 체험에 있어서, 실재는 일반적인 흐르는 크로노스가 아닌 공의 비시간의 시간 즉 아이온이라는 점, 또한 아이온은 흐르는 시간 내에서 흐르지 않는 동시적 시간으로서 체험적 공성의 평면이라는 점은 양자 모두 동일하다고 보인다.
키워드
조낭빠 깔라짜끄라
닝마빠 족첸
공성
락(樂)
시간
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Information
  • Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
  • Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
  • Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
  • Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
  • Volume : 69
  • No :0
  • Pages :81-111
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.69..202112.81
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