다르마끼르띠의 아포하(apoha) 변용과 특징에 관한 연구

doi:10.21482/jbs.77..202312.73

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투고논문

다르마끼르띠의 아포하(apoha) 변용과 특징에 관한 연구 The Transformation and Characteristics of Dharmakīrti’s Apoha Theory: 박대용(동광)
PARK, Dae-yong (Ven. Dong-kwang); 동국대학교 불교학술원 연구초빙교수

Research Professor, Dongguk University, Academy of Buddhist Studies

31 December 2023. pp. 73∼96

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Abstract

The article aims to examine, as part of the philosophical discourse on language, universals, and reality in Mahayana Buddhism, how the seventh-century philosopher Dharmakīrti supplemented and transformed Dignāga’s apoha archetypal system from the sixth century to overcome its fatal weaknesses amidst the fierce debate on language (śabda) between Buddhist and non-Buddhist schools in the history of classical Indian philosophy. After this theory was introduced in the fifth chapter of Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya (PS), it was immediately faced with fierce criticism in the treatises of scholars from other schools, including Uddyotakāra (ca. 550-610), Kumārila (ca. 600-650), and Praśastapāda (ca. 550-600). They sharply dug into the fatal weaknesses of this theory and criticized it fiercely. Their criticism of apoha was quite sophisticated, and Dignāga’s creative theory was therefore in danger of being permanently lost in the history of Indian philosophy. However, not long after these criticisms, Dharmakīrti (ca. 600-660), who later claimed to be the successor of Dignāga’s thought, published Pramāṇavārttika (PV), a comprehensive commentary on PS that addressed the weaknesses of this theory. Due to the successful objection (uttarapakṣa) in Dharmakīrti’s PV, no trace of re-criticism (i.e., counterargument against a counterargument) by non-Buddhist scholars would be found in history for some time to come. Accordingly, Section II of this paper deals with the “discussion of four possible objects of the possible meaning of words (śabda)” pointed out by scholars of other schools and the “appearance of an identical referent (sāmānādhikaraṇya) and the relationship between qualifier and qualificand (viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāva) in compound words such as ‘blue lotus (nīlotpala),” and the problems of applying apoha theory are briefly introduced. In Section III, I explain Dharmakīrti’s successful defense against these objections, and then, how Dharmakīrti’s argument ultimately differs from Dignāga’s apoha system.

Keywords

Dignāga (ca. 480-540)

Dharmakīti (ca. 600-660)

apoha

Uddyotakara (ca. 550-610)

Kumārila (ca. 600-650)

Pramāṇavārttika

sāmānādikaraṇya

이 논문의 목적은 대승불교에 나타난 “언어, 보편 그리고 실재”에 관한 철학적 담론을 고찰하려는 것이다. 그 연구의 일환으로, 디그나가의 아포하(apoha; 타자의 배제) 이론 체계에서 출발한 불교 논사들과 브라만전통의 타 학파 논사들 간의 치열한 언어철학 논쟁 가운데 7세기 다르마끼르띠가 이 아포하 원형 체계의 치명적인 약점을 극복하기 위해 어떻게 기존 이론을 보완 변용하였는지 살펴볼 것이다.
디그나가는 『쁘라마나삼웃짜야』 제5장에서 이 언어 체계를 처음으로 소개하였으며, 그가 죽은 후 타 학파 논사인 웃됴따까라, 꾸마릴라, 쁘라샤스따빠다 등은 자신들의 논서에서 아포하 이론이 지닌 치명적 약점을 예리하게 파고들어 비판을 가했다. 이들의 아포하 비판은 정교해서 자칫 디그나가의 창의적 이론이 인도철학사에서 영영 사장될 위기에 놓여 있었다. 하지만 이들의 비판 후 얼마 지나지 않아 디그나가 사상의 계승자를 자처한 다르마끼르띠가 『쁘라마나삼웃짜야』의 종합 주석서인 『쁘라마나바릇띠까』를 펴냄으로써 아포하 이론의 약점으로 지적된 부분들을 성공적으로 변론하였고, 이 일로 인해 향후 얼마 간 비-불교학파 논사들의 재비판(=반론의 반론)은 역사상 그 흔적을 찾을 수 없게 되었다.
이에 필자는 II장에서 타 학파 논사들이 지적했던 “말의 의미가 가능한 네 가지 대상들에 대한 논의”와 “푸른 연꽃(nīlotpala)” 등의 복합어에서 나타나는 동일지시대상과 한정자-피한정자의 관계(viśeṣaṇa-viśeṣya-bhāva)가 갖는 아포하 적용의 문제점”을 검토하고, III장에서는 이에 대한 다르마끼르띠의 성공적인 변론과 디그나가의 아포하 원형과의 차별성을 살펴보고자 한다.

키워드

디그나가(ca. 480-540)

다르마끼르띠(ca. 600-660)

아포하론

웃됴따까라(ca. 550-610)

꾸마릴라(ca. 600-650)

『쁘라마나바릇띠까』

동일지시대상

References

◆ 약호 및 일차 문헌 Abbreviations and Primary Sources

D sDe dge Edition of the Tibetan bstan ’gyur: sDe deg Tibetan Tripiṭaka bsTan ’gyur – Preserved at the Faculty of Letters, University of Tokyo, ed. J. Takasaki, Z. Yamaguchi, and Y. Ejima. Tshad ma 1-20. Tokyo 1981-1984.
NBh Nyāyabhāṣya of Vātsyāyana, ed. by G. Jha. Poona Oriental Series 58. Puṇyapattanam: Orieṇṭala Buka Ejansī, 1939.
NMu Nyāyamukha of Dignāga.
NS Nyāyasūtra of Gautama, ed. by P. Shāstrī and H. Shukla. Kashi Sanskrit Series 43. Varanasi: Chowkhamba, 1970 (1^st edition 1942).
NV Nyāyavārttika by Uddyotakara, ed. by Vindhyeśvarīprasāda Dvivedī. Kashi Sanskrit Series 33. Varanasi: Caukhambhā Saṃskṛta Bhavana, 1916; Nyāyabhāṣyavārttika of Bhāradvāja Uddyotakara, ed. by Anantalāla Ṭhakkura. New Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research, 1997; Nyāyadarśana with Vātsyāyana, Uddyotakara’s Vārttika, Vācaspati Miśra’s Tātparyaṭīkā & Viśvanātha’s Vṛtti, ed. by T. N. Tarkatirtha and A. Tarkatirtha. Calcutta Sanskrit Series 18 & 29. Calcutta: Metropolitan Printing & Publishing House, 1936-1944 (repr., Kyoto: Rinsen Book Co., 1982).
NVTṬ Nyāyavārttika-tātparyaṭīkā of Vācaspati Miśra, ed. by Anantalal Thakur. New Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research, 1996.
P Peking Edition of the Tibetan bstan ’gyur: The Tibetan Tripiṭaka, Peking Edition, ed. D. T. Suzuki. Tokyo/Kyoto 1955-1961.
PS(V) 5 Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya(vṛtti), Chapter 5. P 5072, Ce 156a4-169b6. Sanskrit reconstruction: Pind 2015: I.1*-63*.
PSṬ Viśālāmalavatī Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā of Jinendrabuddhi. D 4268; P 5766
PSṬ B Jinendrabuddhi’s Viśālāmalavatī Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā, chapter 1. Part I: Critical edition; Part II: Diplomatic edition with a manuscript description, ed. by Anne MacDonald, Ernst Steinkellner, et al. Beijing and Vienna: China Tibetology Publishing House and Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2005.
PV Pramāṇavārttika
PVSV The Pramāṇavārttikam of Dharmakīrti: The First Chapter with the Autocommentary, ed. by Raniero Gnoli. Roma: Is. M. E. O., 1960.
ŚV Ślokavārttika of Kumārila Bhaṭṭa, as published together with ŚVV, ŚVK, and NR, ed. by Svāmī Dvārikādāsa Śāstrī. Varanasi: Tara Publications, 1978.

◆ 이차 문헌 Secondary Literature

CHAKRABARTI, Arindam and Mark SIDERITS. 2011. “Introduction,” in Apoha: Buddhist Nominalism and Human Cognition. ed. by Mark Siderits, Tom Tillenmans, and Arindam Chakrabarti. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011, 1-49.
CHOI, Kyeong-jin. 2012. “Did Dharmakīrti Criticize Dignāga’s Assertion?: On the Purpose of Stating vyatireka in the Pramāṇaviniścaya,” Studies in Indian Philosophy and Buddhism, vol. 19, 1-18.
HATTORI, Masaaki. 1968. Dignāga on Perception, Being the Pratyakṣapariccheda of Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya form the Sanskrit Fragments and the Tibetan Versions. Harvard Oriental Series 47. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
_______. 1982. “The Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti of Dignāga with Jinendrabuddhi’s Commentary. Chapter Five: Anyāpoha-parīkṣā. Tibetan Text with Sanskrit Fragments,” in Memories of the Faculty of Letters 21, ed. by Masaaki Hattori. Kyoto: Kyoto University, 101-224.
HERZBERGER, Radhika. 1986. Bhrtṛhari and the Buddhists: An Essay in the Development of Fifth and Sixth Century Indian Thought. Studies of Classical India 8. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishers. 10.1007/978-94-009-4666-8
ISHIDA, Hisataka. 2022a. “Reconsideration of the Theory on the Three-stage Development of the Apoha-theory,” presented at the 19th Congress of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 17th August 2022, Seoul National Universtiy.
_______. 2022b. “On the Classification of Anyāpoha by Dharmottara: Dharmottara, as An Interpreter of Dharmakīrti’ Thought,” presented at the 6th International Dharmakirti Conference, 25th August 2022, Dongguk Universtiy.
KATAOKA, Kei. (片岡啓). 2012. 「言語哲学 - ポ―ハ論 - 」 [“Philosophy of Language: Apoha Theory”], 『シリ―ズ大乗仏教 9 : 認識論と論理学』 (Series Mahayana Buddhism 9: Epistemology and Logics), Tōkyō: 春秋社 (Shunjūsha). 189-226.
KATSURA, Shōryū. 1991. “Dignāga and Dharmakīrti on Apoha,” in Studies in the Buddhist Epistemological Tradition, ed. by E. Steinkellner. Wien: ÖAW, 129-146.
LIN, Chen-kuo. 2023. “Emptiness and Karmic Secularity” Journal of Korean Association for Buddhist Studies, vol. 108, 267-304. 10.22255/JKABS.108.07
MATILAL, Bimal Krishna. 2002. Mind, Language and World. ed. by J. Ganeri. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
MCALLISTER, Patrick, ed. 2017. Reading Bhaṭṭa Jayanta on Buddhist Nominalism. Wien: ÖAW. 10.2307/j.ctt1xp3whf
MUCH, Michael Torsten. 1994. “Uddyotakaras Kritik des Apoha-Lehre (Nyāyavārttika ad NS II 2.66),” Wiener Zeitschrift für die kunde Südasiens und Archiv für indische Philosophie, vol. 38, 351-366.
PARK, Daeyong (박대용). 2018a. 「불교인식론에 있어 비인식(anupalabdhi) 이론의 전개(1)」 [“A Development on Aunpalabdhi-theory in the Buddhist Epistemology and Logic (1)”], 『동아시아불교문화』 (Journal of Eastern-Asia Buddhist Culture), vol. 34, 159-184. 10.21718/EABC.2018.34.06
_______. 2018b. 「디그나가의 아포하론에 있어 ‘말의 의미’(śabdārtha) - ‘푸른 연꽃’(nīlotpala)과 ‘까마귀 둥지’(kākanilaya)의 사례 분석을 중심으로」 [“Dignāga’s apohavāda on a Word’s Meaning: Focusing on the Analyses of nīlotpala and kālanilay”], 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 57, 261-281. 10.21482/jbs.57..201812.261
_______. 2018c. 「바르뜨리하리(Bhartṛhari)의 브릿띠삼웃데샤(Vṛttisamuddeśa) - 검은 참깨(kṛṣṇatila)의 사례 분석을 중심으로 -」 [“Bhartṛhari’s Vṛttisamuddeśa: Focusing on the Analyses of ‘Black Sesame Seed (kṛṣṇatila)’s Case”], 『선문화연구』 (Journal of Studies of Seon Culture), vol. 25, 177-213. 10.24956/SSC.25.6
_______. 2019. 「디그나가(Dignāga)의 아포하(apoha)론 연구 - 『쁘라마나삼웃짜야(브릿띠)』 제5장을 중심으로 -」 [“A Study of Dignāga on Apoha theory: Focusing on Pramāṇasamuccaya(vṛtti) V”], Ph.D. dissertation. Dongguk University.
_______. 2022a. 「브라만전통에서 아포하(apoha) 초기 비판 고찰 - 웃됴따까라와 꾸마릴라를 중심으로 -」 [“Reconsideration on the Early Criticism about apoha from Brahmanism: Focusing on Uddyotakāra and Kumārila”], 『동아시아불교문화』 (Journal of Eastern-Asia Buddhist Culture), vol. 52, 127-151. 10.21718/EABC.2022.52.05
_______. 2022b. 「유가행중관학파(Yogācāra-Mādhyamika)의 아포하론 수용과 전개 연구 – 샨따락시따와 까말라쉴라를 중심으로 -」 [“A Study on Acceptance and Development Concerning the Theory of apoha in Yogācāra-Mādhyamika: Focusing on Śāntarakṣita and Kamalaśīla”], 『선문화연구』 (Journal Studies of Seon Culture), vol. 33, 45-83. 10.24956/SSC.33.2
PIND, Ole Holten. 2015. Dignāga Philosophy of Language: Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti V on anyāpoha, Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
TOSAKI, Hiromasa (도사키 히로마사), PARK, Insung tr. (박인성 역). 2015. 『불교인식론 연구』 [*“Korean translation of 『仏教認識論の研究』(A Study of Buddhist Epistemology)”], 서울. Seoul: 도서출판 길 (Ghil Publisher).
SEN, Prabal K. 2011. “The Apoha Theory of Meaning: A Critical Account,” in Apoha: Buddhist Nominalism and Human Cognition. ed. by Mark Siderits, Tom Tillenmans, and Arindam Chakrabarti. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011, 170-206.
SIDERITS, Mark. 2011. “Śrughna by Dusk,” in Apoha: Buddhist Nominalism and Human Cognition. ed. by Mark Siderits, Tom Tillenmans, and Arindam Chakrabarti. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011, 283-304.
STEINKELLNER, Ernst. 2017. Early Indian Epistemology and Logic: Fragments from Jinendrabuddhi’s Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā 1 and 2. Studia Philologica Buddhica Monograph Series 35. Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies.
TABER, John. 2005. A Hindu Critique of Buddhist Epistemology: Kumārila on Perception: The “Determination of Perception” Chapter of Kumārila Bhaṭṭa’s Ślokavārttika - Translation and Commentary. London: RoutledgeCurzon.

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 77
No :0
Pages :73∼96
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.77..202312.73

[1] D sDe dge Edition of the Tibetan bstan ’gyur: sDe deg Tibetan Tripiṭaka bsTan ’gyur – Preserved at the Faculty of Letters, University of Tokyo, ed. J. Takasaki, Z. Yamaguchi, and Y. Ejima. Tshad ma 1-20. Tokyo 1981-1984.

[2] NBh Nyāyabhāṣya of Vātsyāyana, ed. by G. Jha. Poona Oriental Series 58. Puṇyapattanam: Orieṇṭala Buka Ejansī, 1939.

[3] NMu Nyāyamukha of Dignāga.

[4] NS Nyāyasūtra of Gautama, ed. by P. Shāstrī and H. Shukla. Kashi Sanskrit Series 43. Varanasi: Chowkhamba, 1970 (1^st edition 1942).

[5] NV Nyāyavārttika by Uddyotakara, ed. by Vindhyeśvarīprasāda Dvivedī. Kashi Sanskrit Series 33. Varanasi: Caukhambhā Saṃskṛta Bhavana, 1916; Nyāyabhāṣyavārttika of Bhāradvāja Uddyotakara, ed. by Anantalāla Ṭhakkura. New Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research, 1997; Nyāyadarśana with Vātsyāyana, Uddyotakara’s Vārttika, Vācaspati Miśra’s Tātparyaṭīkā & Viśvanātha’s Vṛtti, ed. by T. N. Tarkatirtha and A. Tarkatirtha. Calcutta Sanskrit Series 18 & 29. Calcutta: Metropolitan Printing & Publishing House, 1936-1944 (repr., Kyoto: Rinsen Book Co., 1982).

[6] NVTṬ Nyāyavārttika-tātparyaṭīkā of Vācaspati Miśra, ed. by Anantalal Thakur. New Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research, 1996.

[7] P Peking Edition of the Tibetan bstan ’gyur: The Tibetan Tripiṭaka, Peking Edition, ed. D. T. Suzuki. Tokyo/Kyoto 1955-1961.

[8] PS(V) 5 Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya(vṛtti), Chapter 5. P 5072, Ce 156a4-169b6. Sanskrit reconstruction: Pind 2015: I.1*-63*.

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[10] PSṬ B Jinendrabuddhi’s Viśālāmalavatī Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā, chapter 1. Part I: Critical edition; Part II: Diplomatic edition with a manuscript description, ed. by Anne MacDonald, Ernst Steinkellner, et al. Beijing and Vienna: China Tibetology Publishing House and Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2005.

[11] PV Pramāṇavārttika

[12] PVSV The Pramāṇavārttikam of Dharmakīrti: The First Chapter with the Autocommentary, ed. by Raniero Gnoli. Roma: Is. M. E. O., 1960.

[13] ŚV Ślokavārttika of Kumārila Bhaṭṭa, as published together with ŚVV, ŚVK, and NR, ed. by Svāmī Dvārikādāsa Śāstrī. Varanasi: Tara Publications, 1978.

[14] CHAKRABARTI, Arindam and Mark SIDERITS. 2011. “Introduction,” in Apoha: Buddhist Nominalism and Human Cognition. ed. by Mark Siderits, Tom Tillenmans, and Arindam Chakrabarti. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011, 1-49.

[15] CHOI, Kyeong-jin. 2012. “Did Dharmakīrti Criticize Dignāga’s Assertion?: On the Purpose of Stating vyatireka in the Pramāṇaviniścaya,” Studies in Indian Philosophy and Buddhism, vol. 19, 1-18.

[16] HATTORI, Masaaki. 1968. Dignāga on Perception, Being the Pratyakṣapariccheda of Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya form the Sanskrit Fragments and the Tibetan Versions. Harvard Oriental Series 47. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

[17] _______. 1982. “The Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti of Dignāga with Jinendrabuddhi’s Commentary. Chapter Five: Anyāpoha-parīkṣā. Tibetan Text with Sanskrit Fragments,” in Memories of the Faculty of Letters 21, ed. by Masaaki Hattori. Kyoto: Kyoto University, 101-224.

[18] HERZBERGER, Radhika. 1986. Bhrtṛhari and the Buddhists: An Essay in the Development of Fifth and Sixth Century Indian Thought. Studies of Classical India 8. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishers. 10.1007/978-94-009-4666-8

[19] ISHIDA, Hisataka. 2022a. “Reconsideration of the Theory on the Three-stage Development of the Apoha-theory,” presented at the 19th Congress of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 17th August 2022, Seoul National Universtiy.

[20] _______. 2022b. “On the Classification of Anyāpoha by Dharmottara: Dharmottara, as An Interpreter of Dharmakīrti’ Thought,” presented at the 6th International Dharmakirti Conference, 25th August 2022, Dongguk Universtiy.

[21] KATAOKA, Kei. (片岡啓). 2012. 「言語哲学 - ポ―ハ論 - 」 [“Philosophy of Language: Apoha Theory”], 『シリ―ズ大乗仏教 9 : 認識論と論理学』 (Series Mahayana Buddhism 9: Epistemology and Logics), Tōkyō: 春秋社 (Shunjūsha). 189-226.

[22] KATSURA, Shōryū. 1991. “Dignāga and Dharmakīrti on Apoha,” in Studies in the Buddhist Epistemological Tradition, ed. by E. Steinkellner. Wien: ÖAW, 129-146.

[23] LIN, Chen-kuo. 2023. “Emptiness and Karmic Secularity” Journal of Korean Association for Buddhist Studies, vol. 108, 267-304. 10.22255/JKABS.108.07

[24] MATILAL, Bimal Krishna. 2002. Mind, Language and World. ed. by J. Ganeri. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[25] MCALLISTER, Patrick, ed. 2017. Reading Bhaṭṭa Jayanta on Buddhist Nominalism. Wien: ÖAW. 10.2307/j.ctt1xp3whf

[26] MUCH, Michael Torsten. 1994. “Uddyotakaras Kritik des Apoha-Lehre (Nyāyavārttika ad NS II 2.66),” Wiener Zeitschrift für die kunde Südasiens und Archiv für indische Philosophie, vol. 38, 351-366.

[27] PARK, Daeyong (박대용). 2018a. 「불교인식론에 있어 비인식(anupalabdhi) 이론의 전개(1)」 [“A Development on Aunpalabdhi-theory in the Buddhist Epistemology and Logic (1)”], 『동아시아불교문화』 (Journal of Eastern-Asia Buddhist Culture), vol. 34, 159-184. 10.21718/EABC.2018.34.06

[28] _______. 2018b. 「디그나가의 아포하론에 있어 ‘말의 의미’(śabdārtha) - ‘푸른 연꽃’(nīlotpala)과 ‘까마귀 둥지’(kākanilaya)의 사례 분석을 중심으로」 [“Dignāga’s apohavāda on a Word’s Meaning: Focusing on the Analyses of nīlotpala and kālanilay”], 『불교학연구』 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies), vol. 57, 261-281. 10.21482/jbs.57..201812.261

[29] _______. 2018c. 「바르뜨리하리(Bhartṛhari)의 브릿띠삼웃데샤(Vṛttisamuddeśa) - 검은 참깨(kṛṣṇatila)의 사례 분석을 중심으로 -」 [“Bhartṛhari’s Vṛttisamuddeśa: Focusing on the Analyses of ‘Black Sesame Seed (kṛṣṇatila)’s Case”], 『선문화연구』 (Journal of Studies of Seon Culture), vol. 25, 177-213. 10.24956/SSC.25.6

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