Dignāga’s Criticism on the Theory of Perception of Vaiśeṣika in Pramāṇasamuccaya(vṛtti) 1.21-24

doi:10.21482/jbs.62..20203.83

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Dignāga’s Criticism on the Theory of Perception of Vaiśeṣika in Pramāṇasamuccaya(vṛtti) 1.21-24 『쁘라마나삼웃짜야(브릿띠) 』 1.21-24에서 디그나가의 바이쉐시까 지각론 비판: 박대용(동광)
Daeyong Park (Ven. Dong-kwang); 동국대 불교학과 강사

Lecturer Dept. of Buddhist Studies, Dongguk University

31 March 2020. pp. 83∼106

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Abstract

This article aims to elucidate and examine Dignāga (陳那, ca.480-540)’s criticism on the theory of perception (pratyakṣa) of Vaiśeṣika school, which was presented in his Pramāṇasamuccaya(vṛtti) [hence PS(V)] 1.21-24, to some extent, referring to his later controversial debates in the commentaries to it. As we know, Dignāga defeated various heretics in fiery debates, and therefore was called a ‘bull in debate’ (tarkapuṅgava) at his time. According to his later work, Dignāga proved his view of perception decisively to refute other contemporary Indian schools’ views in his PS(V) Chapter 1 one by one. The Sanskrit critical edition of the PS(V) Chapter 1 which has been newly reconstructed by Ernst Steinkellner (2005), would be divided as follows:

∙PS(V) 1.1 - 1.12 : Exposition of the Theory of Perception of Dignāga,

∙PS(V) 1.13-1.16 : Criticism on the Definition of Perception of Vādavidhi,

∙PS(V) 1.17-1.20 : Criticism on the Theory of Perception of Nyāya,

∙PS(V) 1.21-1.24 : Criticism on the Theory of Perception of Vaiśeṣika,

∙PS(V) 1.25-1.33 : Criticism on the Theory of Perception of Sāṃkya,

∙PS(V) 1.34-1.44 : Criticism on the Theory of Perception of Mīmāṃsaka.

In PS(V) 1.21-24, Dignāga pointed out the contradiction of Vaiśeṣika school’s view of perception in their Vaiśeṣikasūtra (hence VS), especially between VS 3.1.15 and VS 10.1.3-4, namely ‘contacts of four factors [=ātma, indriya, manas, and artha]’ (catuṣṭaya sannikarṣa) and ‘a mere manifestation of perceptual object’ (viṣayālocanamātra). Furthermore, he vehemently criticized Vaiśeṣika as bad philosophers (kutārkika) having a fatuous notion (abhimāna). Accordingly, in this article, I will make a prior examination on the content of Vaiśeṣika’s perception in VS, and then observe closely his criticism against Vaiśeṣika’s perception theory, based on the Sanskrit Reconstruction of PS(V) Chapter 1.

Keywords

Dignāga

Vaiśeṣika

Pramāṇasamuccaya(vṛtti)

Vaiśeṣikasūtra

viṣayālocanamātra

pratyakṣa

samavāya

이 논문의 목적은 『쁘라마나삼웃짜야(브릿띠) 』(Pramāṇasamuccaya(vṛtti) [集量論(註), 이하 PS(V)) 제1 ｢현량장｣ 21-24게송과 자주에 나타난 디그나가(Dignāga [陳那], ca.480-540)의 바이쉐시까(Vaiśeṣika, 勝論學派)의 지각 이론에 대한 비판을 검토하기 위함이다. 주지하다시피 디그나가는 당시 타 학파 논사들과 격렬한 논쟁을 펼친 결과 ‘토론의 황소’(tarka puṅgava)라 불리게 되었다. 디그나가는 PS(V) 1장 전반부에서 지각에 대한 자신의 입장을 소개한 후, 그 후반부에서 곧바로 그와 동시대 인도의 타 학파들의 견해들을 차례대로 논박했다. 에른스트 슈타인켈너(2005)에 의해 새롭게 복원된 산스끄리뜨 교정본 PS(V) 1장은 다음과 같이 구성되어 있다.

∙ PS(V) 1.1 - 1.12 : 디그나가 자신의 지각론

∙ PS(V) 1.13-1.16 : 『논궤 』의 지각 정의 비판

∙ PS(V) 1.17-1.20 : 니야야 학파의 지각론 비판

∙ PS(V) 1.21-1.24 : 바이쉐시까 학파의 지각론 비판

∙ PS(V) 1.25-1.33 : 상캬 학파의 지각론 비판

∙ PS(V) 1.34-1.44 : 미망사 학파의 지각론 비판

이 PS(V) 1장은 총 44개 게송과 자주로 구성되어 있고, 이 가운데 PS(V) 1.21-24는 바이쉐시까(Vaiśeṣika)학파[勝論學派]의 지각론, 특히 『바이쉐시까수뜨라 』(이하 VS)에 나타난 VS 3.1.15의 지각 정의와 VS의 다른 수뜨라(sūtra)들과의 상충된 모순을 지적함으로써 결론적으로 이들의 주장은 궤변론자들(kutārkika)의 어리석은 개념(abhimāna)에 지나지 않는다고 힐난하는 것으로 매듭짓는다. 이에 본 연구는 디그나가가 비판의 대상으로 삼았던 바이쉐시까의 VS에 나타난 지각과 관련한 내용에 대해 선행 검토하고, 이어서 PS(V) 범어 복원본을 바탕으로 그의 바이쉐시까 지각론 비판을 꼼꼼히 살펴보고자 한다.

키워드

디그나가

바이쉐시까

『쁘라마나삼웃짜야(브릿띠) 』

『바이쉐시까수뜨라 』

viṣayālocanamātra

지각(pratyakṣa)

내속(samavāya)

References

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∙NBh Nyāyabhāṣya of Vātsyāyana. ed. by G. Jha. Poona Oriental Series 58. Poona, 1939.
∙NS Nyāyasūtra of Gautama. ed. by P. Shāstrī and H. Shukla. Kashi Sanskrit Series 43. Varanasi: Chowkhamba, 1970 (1^st edition 1942).
∙NV Nyāyavārttika of Uddyotakara. Kashi Sanskrit Series. Benares, 1916./ ed. by Anantalal Thakur. Nyāyabhāṣyavārttika of Bhāradvāja Uddyotakara . Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research (Nyāyacaturgranthikā 2), 1997.
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∙*PS(V) 5 Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya(vṛtti), Chapter 5. P.5072, Ce 156a4-169b6. 산스끄리뜨 복원본 Pind 2015: Ⅰ.1*-63*.
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∙VS(V) Vaiśeṣikasūtra of Kaṇāda. ed. together with Candrānanda’s Vṛtti. ed. by Harunaga Isaacson, In Materials for the Study of the Vaiśeṣika system. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leiden, 1995.
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∙사이구사 미쓰요시(三枝充悳) 편, 『인식론･논리학 』, 심봉섭 역, 서울: 불교시대사, 1995.
∙B. K. 마티랄, 『고전인도 논리학 』, 박태섭 역, 서울: 고려원, 1993.
∙S.C. Chatterjee and D.M. Datta, 『학파로 보는 인도 사상 』, 김형준 역, 서울: 예문서원, 1999.
∙三枝充悳編, 『講座仏敎思想第二卷認識論論理学』, 東京: 理想社, 1974.
∙Bimal K. Matilal, Logic, Language and Reality: An Introduction to Indian Philosophical Studies. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1985.
∙______. PERCEPTION: An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
∙______. The Character of Logic in India. ed. by Jonardon Ganeri and Heeraman Tiwari. New York: SUNY Press, 1998.
∙______. The Word and The World: India's Contribution to the Study of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
∙______. Mind, Language and World. ed. by J. Ganeri. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
∙______. Epistemology, Logic and Grammar in Indian Philosophical Analysis. ed. by J. Ganeri. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
∙Ernst Steinkellner, Early Indian Epistemology and Logic : Fragments from Jinendrabuddhi’s Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā 1 and 2. Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies (Studia Philologica Buddhica Monograph Series 35), 2017.
∙Harunaga Isaacson, Materials for the Study of the Vaiśeṣika system. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leiden, 1995.
∙Masaaki Hattori, Dignāga on Perception, being the Pratyakṣapariccheda of Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamucchaya form the Sanskrit fragments and the Tibetan versions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press (Harvard Oriental Series 47), 1968.
∙Wihelm Halbfass, Tradition and Reflection: Explorations in Indian Though. New York: State University of New York Press, 1991.
∙______. On Being and What There Is: Classical Vaiśeṣika and the History of Indian Ontology. New York: State University of New York Press, 1992.
∙이지수, ｢쉬와디띠야(Śivāditya)의 7범주론(Saptapadārthī)｣, 『인도철학 』 4, 서울: 인도철학회, 1994. pp.25-65.
∙Brendan S. Gillon, “Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī and Linguistic Theory,” Journal of Indian Philosophy 35, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publication, 2007. pp.445-468.
∙George Cardona, “Some Principles of Pāṇini’s Grammar,” Journal of Indian Philosophy 1, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publication, 1970. pp.40-74.
∙Johannes Bronkhorst, “Once Again Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 3.1.13,” Asiatische Studien / Études Asiatiques 48(2), 1994. pp.665-681.

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 62
No :0
Pages :83∼106
DOI :https://doi.org/10.21482/jbs.62..20203.83

[1] ∙NB Nyāyabindu of Dharmakīrti. ed. together with NBṬ and Dhp by D. Malvania. Patna, 1955.

[2] ∙NBh Nyāyabhāṣya of Vātsyāyana. ed. by G. Jha. Poona Oriental Series 58. Poona, 1939.

[3] ∙NS Nyāyasūtra of Gautama. ed. by P. Shāstrī and H. Shukla. Kashi Sanskrit Series 43. Varanasi: Chowkhamba, 1970 (1^st edition 1942).

[4] ∙NV Nyāyavārttika of Uddyotakara. Kashi Sanskrit Series. Benares, 1916./ ed. by Anantalal Thakur. Nyāyabhāṣyavārttika of Bhāradvāja Uddyotakara . Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Research (Nyāyacaturgranthikā 2), 1997.

[5] ∙NVTṬ Nyāyavārttikatātparyaṭīkā of Vācaspatimiśra. Kashi Sanskrit Series 24. Benares, 1925. Nyāyakaṇikā of Vācaspatimiśra. as published with Vidhiviveka of Mandanamiśra in the Pandit, new series vols. 25-28. Benares, 1904-1906./ ed. by Anantalal Thakur. Nyāyavārttikatātparyaṭīkā of Vācaspatimiśra. Delhi: Indian Council of Philosophical Re-search, 1996.

[6] ∙Pāṇ Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini, published in Otto Böhtlingk, Pâṇini’s Grammatik, herausgegeben, übersetzt, erläutert und mit verschiedenen Indices versehen … 2 vols. Leipzig: Haessel, 1887.

[7] ∙PBh Praśastapādabhāṣya (or Padārthadharmasaṃgraha) of Praśasthapāda. published together with Sūkti, Setu, and Vyomavatī, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series. Benares, 1930.

[8] ∙PS(V) 1 Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya(vṛtti), Chapter 1. P.5072, Ce 93b4-109a1(티벳역 교정본에 대해서 참조. Hattori 1968: 174-237). 산스끄리뜨 복원본 Ernst Steinkellner 2005. Published online(http://ikga.oeaw.ac.at/Mat/dignaga_PS_1.pdf).

[9] ∙*PS(V) 5 Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya(vṛtti), Chapter 5. P.5072, Ce 156a4-169b6. 산스끄리뜨 복원본 Pind 2015: Ⅰ.1*-63*.

[10] ∙PSṬ Viśālāmalavatī Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā of Jinendrabuddhi. D.4268; P.5766

[11] ∙PSṬ B Jinendrabuddhi’s Viśālāmalavatī Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā, chapter 1. PartⅠ: Critical edition; PartⅡ: Diplomatic edition with a manuscript description ed. by Anne MacDonald. Ernst Steinkellner et al. Beijing and Vienna: China Tibetology Publishing House and Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2005.

[12] ∙VS(V) Vaiśeṣikasūtra of Kaṇāda. ed. together with Candrānanda’s Vṛtti. ed. by Harunaga Isaacson, In Materials for the Study of the Vaiśeṣika system. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leiden, 1995.

[13] ∙『阿毘達磨俱舍論』 (『大正藏』29)

[14] ∙사이구사 미쓰요시(三枝充悳) 편, 『인식론･논리학 』, 심봉섭 역, 서울: 불교시대사, 1995.

[15] ∙B. K. 마티랄, 『고전인도 논리학 』, 박태섭 역, 서울: 고려원, 1993.

[16] ∙S.C. Chatterjee and D.M. Datta, 『학파로 보는 인도 사상 』, 김형준 역, 서울: 예문서원, 1999.

[17] ∙三枝充悳編, 『講座仏敎思想第二卷認識論論理学』, 東京: 理想社, 1974.

[18] ∙Bimal K. Matilal, Logic, Language and Reality: An Introduction to Indian Philosophical Studies. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1985.

[19] ∙______. PERCEPTION: An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

[20] ∙______. The Character of Logic in India. ed. by Jonardon Ganeri and Heeraman Tiwari. New York: SUNY Press, 1998.

[21] ∙______. The Word and The World: India's Contribution to the Study of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

[22] ∙______. Mind, Language and World. ed. by J. Ganeri. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

[23] ∙______. Epistemology, Logic and Grammar in Indian Philosophical Analysis. ed. by J. Ganeri. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

[24] ∙Ernst Steinkellner, Early Indian Epistemology and Logic : Fragments from Jinendrabuddhi’s Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā 1 and 2. Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies (Studia Philologica Buddhica Monograph Series 35), 2017.

[25] ∙Harunaga Isaacson, Materials for the Study of the Vaiśeṣika system. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leiden, 1995.

[26] ∙Masaaki Hattori, Dignāga on Perception, being the Pratyakṣapariccheda of Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamucchaya form the Sanskrit fragments and the Tibetan versions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press (Harvard Oriental Series 47), 1968.

[27] ∙Wihelm Halbfass, Tradition and Reflection: Explorations in Indian Though. New York: State University of New York Press, 1991.

[28] ∙______. On Being and What There Is: Classical Vaiśeṣika and the History of Indian Ontology. New York: State University of New York Press, 1992.

[29] ∙이지수, ｢쉬와디띠야(Śivāditya)의 7범주론(Saptapadārthī)｣, 『인도철학 』 4, 서울: 인도철학회, 1994. pp.25-65.

[30] ∙Brendan S. Gillon, “Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī and Linguistic Theory,” Journal of Indian Philosophy 35, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publication, 2007. pp.445-468.

[31] ∙George Cardona, “Some Principles of Pāṇini’s Grammar,” Journal of Indian Philosophy 1, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publication, 1970. pp.40-74.

[32] ∙Johannes Bronkhorst, “Once Again Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 3.1.13,” Asiatische Studien / Études Asiatiques 48(2), 1994. pp.665-681.

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