Dignāga’s apohavāda on a Word’s Meaning― Focusing on the analyses of nīlotpala and kākanilaya

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Dignāga’s apohavāda on a Word’s Meaning― Focusing on the analyses of nīlotpala and kākanilaya 디그나가의 아포하론에 있어 ‘말의 의미’(śabdārtha) －‘푸른 연꽃’(nīlotpala)과 ‘까마귀 둥지’(kākanilaya)의 사례 분석을 중심으로: 박대용(동광)
Dae‐yong Park (Ven. Dong‐kwang); 한국불교사연구소 연구교수

Research Professor of Korean Buddhist History Institute

31 December 2018. pp. 261-281

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Abstract

This article aims to observe Dignāga’s apohavāda on a word’s meaning (śabdārtha) to act successfully between the relations of qualifier-qualificand (viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāva) and the relations of co‐referentiality or co‐occurrence (sāmānādhikaraṇya), which happens to raise difficulties of two indivisible words applied to a certain object (viṣaya). As we know, Dignāga’ apoha theory is such that a word denotes its own meaning (svārtha) by resorting to the exclusion of others (arthāntarāpoha), which is its basis [=locus] for application (pravṛttinimitta). In the compound nīlotpala, the former nīla is a word for a common meaning (sāmānyaśabda) in which it denotes something blue, while the latter utpala is a word for a specific meaning (viśeṣaśabda) in which it characterizes a particular lotus. Each of them has the exclusion of others respectively through apoha’s function, namely, the exclusion of non‐blue things and that of non‐lotuses. A question arises: How could the exclusion of non‐blue things and that of non‐lotuses be identical with the same object which consist in exclusively two kinds of exclusion; how could the two different words establish the relation of qualifier-qualificand and that of co‐referentiality? To resolve these difficulties, Dignāga discusses in PS(V) 5.14 that the exclusion of non‐blue things and that of non‐lotuses are different from each other, because the non‐blue things and the non‐loutses, which are what is to be excluded, are different from each other. Two different words with different meanings can thus have be established such relations by his original theory. Conclusionally, in PS(V) 5.36d Dignāga argues that his apoha theory is superior to (guṇotkarṣāt) other schools’ tadvat theory because of non-existence of four mistakes (doṣa) on word’s meaning (śabdārtha), and therefore a word could denote things exclusively as qualified by the exclusion of others (arthāntaranivṛttiviśiṣṭān).

Keywords

Dignāga

Bhartṛhari

apoha

śabdārtha

viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāva

sāmānādhikaraṇya

sambandhasaukarya

우리의 일상적 언어 행위(vyāvahāra)는 무엇에 대한 지향성이 있다. 본 논문에서는 말(śabda)이 어떤 구성 원리에 따라 ‘자신의 의미’(svārtha)를 정확히 지시･표현･전달･현현하는가에 대한 사례를 중심으로 살펴보고자 한다. 특히, 디그나가(Dignāga)는 자신의 『쁘라마나삼웃짜야(브릿띠)』(Pramāṇasamuccaya(vṛtti), 이하 PS(V)) 제5장에서 타 학파 논사인 바르뜨리하리(Bhartṛhari)의 『바키야빠디야』(Vākyapadīya, 이하 VP)에서 몇 개의 게송을 인용[삽입]함으로써 그의 독창적 아포하(apoha) 이론을 전개하고 있다. 한편 바르뜨리하리는 VP에서 복합어 ‘검은 참깨’(kṛṣṇatila)의 사례를 들어 두 개의 말들이 갖는 ‘한정자-피한정자의 관계’(viśeṣaṇaviśeṣyabhāva)나 혹은 ‘동일지시대상’ (sāmānādhikaraṇya)의 난제를 해결하는 반면, 디그나가는 PS(V)에서 복합어 ‘푸른 연꽃’(nīlotpala)의 사례를 들어 서로 다른 두 말들의 결합 실현가능성(sambandhasaukarya)을 논의하고 있다. 특히, PS(V) 5.36d에서 디그나가는 자신의 아포하 이론은 바르뜨리하리의 ‘보편의 담지자’(tadvat) 견해가 갖는 네 가지 오류(doṣa)들이 전혀 없는 탁월한 장점이 있기 때문에(guṇotkarṣāt) 말은 타자의 배제를 통해 그 대상(viṣaya)을 표현할 수 있다고 주장한다(arthāntaranivṛttiviśiṣṭān). 그러나 여기에서 그의 이론이 갖는 기능적 측면에 대한 반론자의 비판이 예상된다. 즉, 두 개의 말들로 구성된 복합어에서 ‘이중 배제’로 인해 하나의 동일지시대상을 타당하게 표현할 수 있을까 하는 문제이다. 따라서 필자는 이 논문에서 디그나가가 ‘푸른 연꽃’과 ‘까마귀 둥지’ 등의 사례 분석을 통해 어떻게 이 난제를 극복하고, 또한 그가 말하는 진정한 ‘말의 의미’에 대해 구명해 보고자 한다.

키워드

디그나나

바르뜨리하리

아포하론

말의 의미

한정자-피한정자의 관계

동일지시대상

결합의 실현 가능성

References

*『取因假設論』陳那造, 義淨譯, T31, no.1622. pp.885a-887c.
*『觀總相論頌』陳那造, 義淨譯, T31, no.1623. pp.887c-888a.
『南海寄歸內法傳』義淨. T54, no.2125, pp.204-234.
MHK Madhyamakahṛdayakārikā of Bhāviveka. Ed. Malcolm David Eckel, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2008.
MMK Mūlamadhyamakakārikāh of Nagarjuna. Ed. J. W. De Jong, Madras: ∙Adyar Library and Research Centre, 1977.
Pramāṇasamuccaya of Dignāga. Tibetan version. Kk Kanakavarman trans., P.5700; Vk Vasudhararakṣita trans., D.4203.
PSṬ Viśālāmalavatī Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā of Jinendrabuddhi. Tibetan ver., D.4268; P.5766
PSṬ Ms B The Sanskrit codex unicus of Jinendrabuddhi’s Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā Viśālāmalavatī .
PSṬ V “The Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti of Dignāga with Jinendrabuddhi’s Commentary. Chapter Five: Anyāpoha-parīkṣā. Tibetan Text with Sanskrit Fragments.” Ed. Masaaki Hattori. In Memories of the Faculty of Letters 21, Kyoto: Kyoto University, 1982. pp.101-224.
*PSV Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti of Dignāga. K Kanakavarman’s trans., P.5702; V Vasudhararakṣita’s trans.,D.4204; P.5701.
*PSVSⅠ Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya, Chapter 1. Ed. Ernst Steinkellner 2005. Published online (http://ikga.oeaw.ac.at/Mat/dignaga_PS_1.pdf).
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Halbfass, Wihelm. Tradition and Reflection: Explorations in Indian Though. New York: State University of New York Press, 1991.
Hattori, Masaaki. Dignāga on Perception, being the Pratyakṣapariccheda of Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamucchaya form the Sanskrit fragments and the Tibetan versions. Harvard Oriental Series 47. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968.
Hayes, Richard. Dignāga on the Interpretation of Signs. Studies of Classical India 9, Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishers, 1988.
Herzberger, Radhika. Bhrtṛhari and the Buddhists: An Essay in the Development of Fifth and Sixth Century Indian Thought. Studies of Classical India 8, Dordrecht: D.Reidel Publishers,1986.
Pind, Ole Holten. Dignāga Philosophy of Language: Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti V on anyāpoha, Part1: Text & Part2: Translation and Annotation. Wien: ÖAW, 2015.
Zahavi, Dan. Husserl’s Phenomenology. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003.
김태수, ｢四句解釋에 관한 元曉和諍論法의 특성: 들뢰즈의 새로운 변증법과의 대비를 중심으로｣, 『불교학리뷰』 22, 2017. pp.221-256.
김현덕, ｢아파다나 카라카(apādāna-kāraka)에 대한 파니니(Pāṇini)의 정의｣, 『인도철학』 39, 2013. pp.5-34.
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함형석, ｢바르뜨리하리(Bhartṛhari)의 ‘말’개념에 담긴 세 가지 함의｣, 『인도철학』 48, 2016. pp.191-218.
小川英世, ｢意味制限と接辭制限: 文法学派における｢制限｣(niyama)の槪念｣, 『哲学』 37, 広島大学, 1985. pp.131-146.
Cardona, George. “Some Principles of Pāṇini’s Grammar,” JIPh 1, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publication, 1970. pp.40-74.
Frauwallner, Erich. “Landmarks in the History of Indian Logic,” Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Süd-und Ost-Asiens 5, Vienna, 1961. pp.125-148.
Pind, Ole Holten. “Dharmakīrti’s Interpretation of Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti V 36: śabdo ‘rthāntaranivṛttiviśiṣṭān eva bhāvān āha,” in Studies Dharmakīrti’s Thought and its Impact on Indian and Tibetan Philosophy. Proceedings of the Third International Dharmakīrti Conference, Hiroshima, November 4-6, 1997, ed. by S. Katura, Wien: ÖAW, 1999. pp.317-332.
Pind, Ole Holten. “Dignāga Philosophy of Language: Dignāga on anyāpoha ―Pramāṇasamuccaya V Texts, Translation, and Annotation―,” Ph.D. diss., University of Vienna, 2009. HYPERLINK "http//othes.univie.ac.at/8283/"http://othes.univie.ac.at/8283/. 인터넷 검색
Yoshimizu, Kiyotaka. “How to Refer to a Thing by a word: Another Difference between Dignāga’s and Kumārila’s Theories of Denotation,” Journal of Indian Philosophy 39, 2011. pp.571-587.

Information

Publisher :Korean Association of Buddhist Studies
Publisher(Ko) :불교학연구회
Journal Title :Korean Journal of Buddhist Studies
Journal Title(Ko) :불교학연구
Volume : 57
Pages :261-281

[1] *『取因假設論』陳那造, 義淨譯, T31, no.1622. pp.885a-887c.

[2] *『觀總相論頌』陳那造, 義淨譯, T31, no.1623. pp.887c-888a.

[3] 『南海寄歸內法傳』義淨. T54, no.2125, pp.204-234.

[4] MHK Madhyamakahṛdayakārikā of Bhāviveka. Ed. Malcolm David Eckel, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2008.

[5] MMK Mūlamadhyamakakārikāh of Nagarjuna. Ed. J. W. De Jong, Madras: ∙Adyar Library and Research Centre, 1977.

[6] Pramāṇasamuccaya of Dignāga. Tibetan version. Kk Kanakavarman trans., P.5700; Vk Vasudhararakṣita trans., D.4203.

[7] PSṬ Viśālāmalavatī Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā of Jinendrabuddhi. Tibetan ver., D.4268; P.5766

[8] PSṬ Ms B The Sanskrit codex unicus of Jinendrabuddhi’s Pramāṇasamuccayaṭīkā Viśālāmalavatī .

[9] PSṬ V “The Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti of Dignāga with Jinendrabuddhi’s Commentary. Chapter Five: Anyāpoha-parīkṣā. Tibetan Text with Sanskrit Fragments.” Ed. Masaaki Hattori. In Memories of the Faculty of Letters 21, Kyoto: Kyoto University, 1982. pp.101-224.

[10] *PSV Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti of Dignāga. K Kanakavarman’s trans., P.5702; V Vasudhararakṣita’s trans.,D.4204; P.5701.

[11] *PSVSⅠ Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya, Chapter 1. Ed. Ernst Steinkellner 2005. Published online (http://ikga.oeaw.ac.at/Mat/dignaga_PS_1.pdf).

[12] PV Pramāṇavārttika of Dharmakīrti, as published with PVBh and PVV.

[13] ŚV Ślokavārttika of Kumārila Bhaṭṭa, as published together with ŚVV, ŚVK, NR.

[14] VP Vākyapadīya of Bhartṛhari, published with the commentary of Puṇyarāja and of Helārāja in Benares Sanskrit Series, Benares, 1884-1907. ; VP I (Iyer 1966); VPⅡ (Iyer 1983); VP Ⅲa (Iyer 1963); VP Ⅲb (Iyer 1973).

[15] Halbfass, Wihelm. Tradition and Reflection: Explorations in Indian Though. New York: State University of New York Press, 1991.

[16] Hattori, Masaaki. Dignāga on Perception, being the Pratyakṣapariccheda of Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamucchaya form the Sanskrit fragments and the Tibetan versions. Harvard Oriental Series 47. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968.

[17] Hayes, Richard. Dignāga on the Interpretation of Signs. Studies of Classical India 9, Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishers, 1988.

[18] Herzberger, Radhika. Bhrtṛhari and the Buddhists: An Essay in the Development of Fifth and Sixth Century Indian Thought. Studies of Classical India 8, Dordrecht: D.Reidel Publishers,1986.

[19] Pind, Ole Holten. Dignāga Philosophy of Language: Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti V on anyāpoha, Part1: Text & Part2: Translation and Annotation. Wien: ÖAW, 2015.

[20] Zahavi, Dan. Husserl’s Phenomenology. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003.

[21] 김태수, ｢四句解釋에 관한 元曉和諍論法의 특성: 들뢰즈의 새로운 변증법과의 대비를 중심으로｣, 『불교학리뷰』 22, 2017. pp.221-256.

[22] 김현덕, ｢아파다나 카라카(apādāna-kāraka)에 대한 파니니(Pāṇini)의 정의｣, 『인도철학』 39, 2013. pp.5-34.

[23] 최종찬, ｢삼반다사뭇데샤｣, 『남아시아연구』 14-2, 서울: 한국외대 인도학연구소. 2008. pp.177-203.

[24] 함형석, ｢바르뜨리하리(Bhartṛhari)의 ‘말’개념에 담긴 세 가지 함의｣, 『인도철학』 48, 2016. pp.191-218.

[25] 小川英世, ｢意味制限と接辭制限: 文法学派における｢制限｣(niyama)の槪念｣, 『哲学』 37, 広島大学, 1985. pp.131-146.

[26] Cardona, George. “Some Principles of Pāṇini’s Grammar,” JIPh 1, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publication, 1970. pp.40-74.

[27] Frauwallner, Erich. “Landmarks in the History of Indian Logic,” Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Süd-und Ost-Asiens 5, Vienna, 1961. pp.125-148.

[28] Pind, Ole Holten. “Dharmakīrti’s Interpretation of Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti V 36: śabdo ‘rthāntaranivṛttiviśiṣṭān eva bhāvān āha,” in Studies Dharmakīrti’s Thought and its Impact on Indian and Tibetan Philosophy. Proceedings of the Third International Dharmakīrti Conference, Hiroshima, November 4-6, 1997, ed. by S. Katura, Wien: ÖAW, 1999. pp.317-332.

[29] Pind, Ole Holten. “Dignāga Philosophy of Language: Dignāga on anyāpoha ―Pramāṇasamuccaya V Texts, Translation, and Annotation―,” Ph.D. diss., University of Vienna, 2009. HYPERLINK "http//othes.univie.ac.at/8283/"http://othes.univie.ac.at/8283/. 인터넷 검색

[30] Yoshimizu, Kiyotaka. “How to Refer to a Thing by a word: Another Difference between Dignāga’s and Kumārila’s Theories of Denotation,” Journal of Indian Philosophy 39, 2011. pp.571-587.

Korean Journal of Buddhist Studies ISSN:1598-0642(Print) 불교학연구

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